1. 知识导入#宾语从句#
什么是宾语从句
在及物动词、介词、动词不定式、动名词的后面可以接一个名词来充当宾语,
如: I know the man.
而这时也可以用一个句子来充当宾语
如: I know that the man is a policeman. 主句 引导词 从句
宾语从句:属于名词性从句。在复合句中作主句谓语动词、介词或某些形容词的宾语
2.考点
宾语从句是初中三大从句之一,也是中考必考的知识点之一。除2009年之外,每年都会以一道选择题的形式出现。主要考察三个方面的内容:1) 引导宾语从句的连词和代词选择; 2.)宾语从句的语序; 3) 宾语从句的时态。
知识点:
1. 宾语从句的引导词
1)陈述句充当宾语从句时,用that引导,that无词义只起连接作用,在口语或非正式文体中常省略。
如:My teacher said(that) I was a good boy.老师说我是个好男孩。
以下动词后面经常跟that宾语从句:
say, think, suppose, suggest, know, see, understand 等 * 引导词that不能省略的情况
①当宾语从句的主语是that时②当宾语从句含有主从复合句时
③当两个或者多个宾语从句由并列连词连接时,除第一个从句的that可以省略,其余从句的that都不可以省略
2)当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时,用if或whether引导,意为“是否”,不做任何成分,但是不能省略。如:(1) Is Jim a good student? I don’t know
I don’t know if /whether Jim is a good student.
我不知道吉姆是否是个好学生
(2) Does Kate get up early? Do you know?
Do you know if /whether Kate gets up early?
你知道凯特是否起的早吗?
* 只能用whether不用if 的三种情况
一般情况下,if 和whether可以互换,但以下3种 情况只能用whether:
①与or not连用:
He asked me whether or not I was coming. 他问我是否会来
②在介词之后:
It depends on whether it is going to rain. 取决于是否下雨
③在不定式之前:
We haven’t decided whether to go there. 我们还没有决定去哪儿
3)如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句,只需用原来的疑问词引导。①where, when, why, how等连接副词在从句中作状语
E.g:Where does she live? Do you know?
Do you know where she lives?
你知道她住在那里吗?
②who,which, what等连接代词在从句中做主语,宾语或定语等。
E.g:What is she doing? Can you tell me?
Can you tell me what she is doing?
你能告诉我她正在干什么吗?
宾语从句的时态1)如果主句的时态是一般现在时,宾语从句的时态根据具体情况来确定
I don’t think (that) you are right.
Please tell us where we’ll go fishing tomorrow.
Do you know when Mr. Smith moved here?
2) 如果主句的时态是一般过去时,宾语从句只能用过去的某一时态(一般过去时, 过去进行时, 过去将来时,过去完成时)。例如:
He told me that he was born in Beijing in 1992.
He said that he would go back to the U.S. soon.
3)从句说明的是一般真理、客观事实、自然现象、名言时,要用现在时。
Dad told us that it is better to do than to say.
He told the boy that three and three is six.
Could you tell me where the bookshop is.
4)从句中有具体时间状语,即使从句动作发生在主句动作前,仍然用一般过去时。
The teacher told me she was born in 1960.
(2012天津)43.—Can you tell me ________?
— With Lucy’s help.
A.when you did it so well B. when did you do it so well
C. how you did it so well D. how did you do it so well
答案解析:选C,考察宾语从句。由答句“在露西的帮助下”可知是对方式提问,因此首先排除AB,从句做tell的宾语,因此是考察宾语从句,宾语从句应该用陈述句语序,因此排除D。答案选C.句意:你能告诉我你为什么做的这么好吗?有露西的帮助
(2008天津)—Can you tell me _____ ? —Yesterday.
A.when did he buy the car B. where did he buy the car
C. when he bought the car D. where he bought the car
答案解析:选C,考察宾语从句。由答句“yesterday”可知是对时间提问,因此首先排除BD,从句做tell的宾语,因此是考察宾语从句,宾语从句应该用陈述句语序,因此排除A。答案选C. 句意:你能告诉我他什么时候买的车吗?昨天
宾语从句的语序:宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序
(2014天津)37.--- Could you tell me_____ yuanxiao in china?
--- Usually at Lantern Festival.
A.when do people eat B. how do people eat
C. when people eat D. how people ear
答案解析:由答句“总是在元宵节”可知是对时间提问,因此首先排除BD,从句做tell的宾语,因此是考察宾语从句,宾语从句应该用陈述句语序,因此排除A。答案选C.句意:你能告诉我在中国什么时候吃元宵吗? 总是在元宵节。
否定转移当主句的谓语动词为 think, guess, suppose, believe 等且主语为第一人称时,从句若表示否定,一般将否定词 not转移到主句的谓语中,这就叫作“否定转移”。如:
I don"t think he will come this evening.
我认为他今晚不会来
动词为非一般现在时或主语不是第一人称时,否定不转移。
I thought that he wouldn’t come back soon. 我原以为他不会回来得这么快
5. 宾语从句的简化
1)当主句谓语动词是hope, decide, wish, choose, agree, promise(和主观决定有关)等,且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时,宾语从句可简化为不定式结构。We decided that we would help him.
→We decided to help him. 我们决定帮助他
当主句谓语动词是know, learn, remember, forget, tell(和记忆认知有关)等动词,且主句主语与从句主语一致时,宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。She has forgotten how she can open the window.→She has forgotten how to open the window.
她忘记怎么开窗户了
注:当主句谓语动词是tell, ask, show, teach等动词,且后带双宾语,从句主语和间接宾语一致时,宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如:
Could you tell me how I can get to the station?
→Could you tell me how to get to the station?
你能告诉我怎么去火车站吗?
当主句的谓语动词是order(命令),require(需要)等时,如果主句和从句的主语不一致,宾语从句可简化为“名词(代词)+不定式”结构。The headmaster ordered that we should start at once.
→ The headmaster ordered us to start at once.
校长要求我们立即出发
宾语从句可以转化为名词或名词短语I don’t believe what you said.
→ I don’t believe Tom’s word. 我不相信汤姆的话。
做题步骤
第一步:确定引导词。
第二步:看语序。
宾语从句的语序都用陈述语序,即正常的主谓语序,如果原句是疑问句改为宾语从句则应调整为陈述句语序。如
第三步: 看时态。
即学即练
(2015天津)37.--- Do you know ______?
--- For a month.
A. how long will she be away B. how long she will be away
C. how often will she go there D. how often she will go there
答案解析:第一步:确定引导词。根据答句“for a month”可知是对时间提问,how long还需多久,how often 多久一次对频率提问,因此选用how long,排除CD
第二步:调整语序。定语从句要用陈述句语序,即主谓宾,排除A,故选B。