友情提示：本文共有 4453 个字，阅读大概需要 9 分钟。
一、Assimilation rule 同化规则
An assimilation rule is a phonological rule that is to describe the effect of phonetic context or situation on a particular phone.
同化规则是一种音位规则，用来描述语音语境或语音环境对特定音子的影响。
The assimilation rule assimilates one segment to another by "copying"a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones more similar.
同化规则通过“复制”一个序列音位的一个特征 来将一个音段与另一个音段进行同化，从而使两个音子更加相似。
This rule accounts for the varying pronunciation of the nasal [n] that occurs within a word.
这条规则解释了鼻音[n]出现在一个单词中的不同发音。
The rule is that within a word the nasal consonant [n] assumes the same place of articulation as the following consonant.
规则是，在一个单词中，鼻辅音[n]假设与下面的辅音处于相同的发音部位。
The negative prefix "in-" serves as a good example.
否定前缀“in-”就是一个很好的例子。
It may be pronounced as [in], [i] or [im]when occurring in different phonetic contexts, e. g. indiscrete [indiskri:t ] (alveolar), ink [ik] (velar), input [imput](bilabial).
它可能发音发作[in], [i] or [im] 当出现在不同的语音环境中,例如，indiscrete [indiskri:t ] (齿龈音), ink [ik] (软腭音), input [imput](双唇音).
二、 Deletion rule 省略规则
The deletion rule in phonology concerns the relation between letters and sounds within the phonetic condition.
音位学中的省略规则是关于在语音条件下字母与声音之间的关系。
The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented.
省略规则它告诉我们什么时候一个语音尽管在拼写中存在，但在发音时却可以省略。
While the letter“g"is mute in“sign", “design" and“paradigm",
虽然“sign”、“design”和“paradigm”中的字母“g”是不发音的，
it is pronounced in their corresponding derivatives "signature", "designation" and "paradigmatic".
但它在其相应的派生词"signature", "designation" and "paradigmatic"中发音。
The rule then can be stated as: delete a [g] when it occurs before a final nasal consonant.
规则可以这样说:如果一个[g]出现在最后一个鼻辅音之前，就省略它。
This accounts for some of the seeming irregularities of the English spelling.
这就解释了英语拼写中一些看似不规则的地方。
三、Sequential rules 序列规则
Sequential rules state the possible combination of phonemes and the constraint over such a combination for a language.
序列规则说明音位的可能组合，以及语言对这种组合的约束。
With this sort of linguistic knowledge which is stated in phonology as a phonological rule,
a string of phonemes can be judged whether it is a word or a possible word for a language.
用这样的语言知识，它在音位学中作为一个音位规则被阐述，对于一个语言，一串音位可以被判断它是一个词或一个可能的词。
For example, the native speaker of English can, without question, divide the following list into two groups:the group of English and the group of non-English words.
例如，以英语为母语的人可以毫无疑问地把下面的单词分为两组:英语单词和非英语单词。
(1)creck crick
(2)zbread bread
(3)splash zsplash
(4)block blokc
Creck and crick are both judged as English words and so are they indeed,though creck is not a real English word.
Creck和crick都被判断是英语单词，它们确实也是，尽管Creck不是一个真正的英语单词。
It does not really exist in the language,but it is judged as a possible word of the language.
它并不真正存在于语言中，但它被判断为语言中可能存在的一个词。
The existence of possible words proves the existence of sequential rule that is the part of our phonological knowledge.
可能单词的存在证明了序列规则的存在，这是我们语位学知识的一部分。
Such a rule states what combinations of phonemes are allowed for a language.
这样的规则规定了一种语言允许什么样的音位组合。
Zbread and zsplash are both judged as non-English words and neither are they indeed.
Zbread和zsplash都被判定为非英语单词，它们实际上也不是。
Such a rule states what combination of phonemes is not allowed for a language.
这样的规则规定了一种语言中什么音位组合是不允许的。
There are many sequential rules in English.
英语中有许多序列规则。
For example, if a word begins with a [l], then the next sound must be a vowel
例如，如果一个单词以[l]开头，那么下一个音必须是元音
That is why [lkik] and [ikbl] are impossible combinations in English.
这就是为什么在英语中[lkik]和[ikbl]是不可能的组合。
They have violated the restrictions on the sequencing of phonemes.
它们违反了音位序列的限制。
Also, if three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word,the combination should obey the following three rules:
同时，在一个单词的开头，如果三个辅音连在一起，组合应该遵循以下三条规则:
(1)The first phoneme must be /s/;第一个音位必须是/s/;
(2)The second phoneme must be /p/,/t/or/k/；第二个音位必须是/p/，/t/或/k/;
(3)The third phoneme must be /1/,/r/ or /w/.第三个音位必须是/1/，/r/或/w/。
This is why all words beginning with a combination of three consonants in English are words like spring [spri], strict [strikt], square [skwe], splendid [splendid], scream [skri: m], etc.
这就是为什么英语中所有以三个辅音开头的单词都是像这样的单词spring [spri], strict [strikt], square [skwe], splendid [splendid], scream [skri: m],等。
But, we must be aware that the rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.
但是，我们必须意识到支配音位学模式的这些规则是语言特有的。
What is not permissible in English might be permissible in another language, and vice versa.
英语中不允许的，在另一种语言中可能是允许的，反之亦然。
本文如果对你有帮助，请点赞收藏《双语丨音位学-音位规则 Phonological rules in phonology》，同时在此感谢原作者。
