Well hey there I"m Emma from mmmEnglish!
Today we"re going to talk about two words that are pretty similar.
大家好啊，我是Emma，欢迎来到Emma的美味英语！今天我们要讨论两个单词，这两个单词非常相似。
Two words that I know many of you have been confused about: which or that?
Now these words are exactly what we"re going to talk about today, "which" or "that" in relative clauses.
我知道你们很多人都对这两个单词感到困惑：which还是that？这两个单词就是我们今天要讨论的内容啦，关系从句中的‘which’或‘that’。
And I"ll check that you"ve been listening at the end of this lesson because I"ve got a mini quiz to test you, right?
Ten questions in a little over two minutes.
在课程结束的时候我会检查一下大家有没有认真听讲，因为我给大家准备了一个小测试，好吧？大概两分钟的时间有十个问题。
So make sure you pay attention. . . . . . .
所以一定要认真听讲哦。
Guys I"d like to take a moment to offer a big warm shout out to our friends at Lingoda who are sponsoring this lesson for you today.
Now most of you already know that I"ve been taking Spanish lessons with Lingoda every single day for the last month.
朋友们，我想先花几分钟为赞助今天课程的我们的朋友Lingoda打个call。你们其中的大多数人呢已经知道我在Lingoda上面学习西班牙语，上个月每天我都在学习。
I"ll show you. . . . . . .
让我来展示一下。
No—one day I"ll remember which one is which. In the meantime, here are three things that I love about Lingoda and why I highly recommend you check them out.
不——有一天我肯定会记得住哪个到底是哪个的。同时呢，Lingoda有三个方面我特别喜欢，那也是为什么我推荐大家看一下的原因。
Number one. They have small classes with no more than five students in each class.
第一个。他们有小班课，每节课不超过五个学生。
I always have the chance to join in. In fact, quite a few of the classes I"ve had were just me and the teacher which I was like "Yes! Private lesson!"
我总是有机会可以参与。事实上呢，我参加的很多课程都只有我和老师两个人，我的感觉就是“太棒了！私教课！”
Number two. They have native teachers. So for you, wanting to learn English, that includes teachers from the US and the UK.
第二个。他们都是母语老师。对于想学英语的你们来说呢，那就是有来自美国和英国的老师。
And number three. They"re really, really affordable.
Their group classes start from just eight euros a class.
第三个。它们都很便宜。他们的套课刚开始只需要八欧元而已。
So if getting results quickly is important to you right now, you should definitely check them out. The link to have a look at Lingoda is in the description below.
如果大家需要迅速见成果的话，那你真的就应该看一下了。看一下Lingoda的链接就在下方描述区。
And you"ll be supporting me and the mmmEnglish Channel if you use it.
Plus, if you use my code at the checkout, you"ll get twenty percent off your first purchase.
如果你们用的话，其实就是在支持我，支持美味英语频道。除此之外，如果你们在结账的时候使用我的邀请码的话，你们第一次购买就有百分之二十的折扣。
So which one is it? Which or that?
这个应该是哪个呢？Which还是that？
These words are super, super common. They have lots of different uses and meanings which causes confusion.
这两个单词真的超级超级常见。它们有很多不同的用法，不同的意思，会带来一些疑惑。
Which cat? That cat!
哪只猫？那只猫！
Did you see that? Which way do I need to go?
你看到了吗？我需要走哪条路？
But we"re not going to go over all of the different uses of "which" and "that" in this video today.
There"s loads!
但是我们不会在今天的视频中学习‘which’和‘that’全部的不同用法。那真的太多了！
Today we"ll focus on those times when it"s confusing or it"s unclear which one you should be using. Which or that?
今天我们就先侧重于那些你们不知道到底应该用哪个的情况。Which还是that？
And that"s when they"re used in relative clauses to introduce adjective clauses.
Wait, wait, wait, wait, wait.
那就是在形容词性的定语从句里面。等一下等一下。
Just pause for a second here. Relative clause, adjective clause, what are we talking about?
That sounds confusing!
先暂停一下。关系从句，形容词从句，我们在说什么呢？完全听不懂啊！
Let"s look at a few examples. It"s much easier than it sounds.
让我们看几个例子吧。其实比听起来要简单很多的。
So take a look at this sentence here. My car, which is brand new, is making strange noises.
看一下这个句子吧。我的车，就是新的那辆，发出了奇怪的噪音。
Now can you see that this sentence has two parts?
Two separate bits of information about the car.
你能看到这个句子有两部分吗？关于这两车不同的两部分信息。
My car which is brand new. My car is making strange noises.
我的车是新的。我的车发出了奇怪的噪音。
See how each of these clauses has a subject and a verb. That"s what makes it a clause.
看看这些句子都有一个主语和一个动词。那就是从句。
Now look at the clause that starts with "which". That clause gives us more information about the subject.
看一下以‘which’开头的这个从句。那个从句告诉我们关于主语的更多信息。
It"s not just my car, it"s my brand new car.
So "which" and "that" are often used at the beginning of clauses that give us more information about the subject.
不只是我的车，是我的那辆新车。所以呢‘which’和‘that’经常用在从句的开始，告诉我们更多关于主语的信息。
And these are the adjective clauses that we talked about earlier.
They describe the subject in more detail. But there is an important difference that you need to remember.
我们刚刚讨论过的都是形容词性从句。它们更加详细地描述主语。但是你们要记住有一个重要的不同。
"That" is used for essential clauses. Now essential means you need it, it"s necessary.
‘That’是必须的从句中使用的。必须指的就是你需要它，它是必要的。
You need to use "that" when you are adding information that"s important.
Okay without it, we wouldn"t know exactly what you"re talking about.
当你添加重要信息的时候，你需要使用‘that’。好的，如果没有它的话，我们就不知道你在说什么。
We use "which" when the information is not essential.
It"s nice to have extra information but we don"t have to have it to understand the meaning.
如果信息不是必需的话，那么我们就使用‘which’。有额外的消息是挺好的，但是我们不是非得需要它来理解句子的意思。
Without it, we"re still going to understand the clause in the sentence.
Let"s look at a few examples together.
没有它的话，我们还可以理解句子里面的从句。让我们一起看几个例子吧。
Remember my car? My brand new car.
I"m using "which" in this sentence because the information that my car is brand new is not essential to the meaning in this sentence.
还记得我的车吗？我的那辆新车。我在这个句子里面使用的是‘which’，因为我的车是新的对于句子的意思并不是必须的。
I only have one car. If I take that part of the sentence out, then the sentence still makes sense, right?
我只有一辆车。如果我把句子的那部分给拿走的话，那这个句子一样说得通，对吧？
My car is making strange noises. Same car, same problem.
我的车发出了奇怪的声音。同样的车，同样的问题。
Just lacking a bit of detail. But now let"s look at a different example.
只是缺少一些细节。但是现在让我们看看不同的例子吧。
The car that I hired last week was making strange noises.
Now I used "that" because it"s important, essential information.
我上周租的车发出了奇怪的声音。我使用的是‘that’，因为这是重要的必需的信息。
I"m trying to be specific about the car because it"s not clear which one I"m talking about.
There are lots of cars for hire.
我试着尽量把这辆车说的详细一点，因为并不清楚我到底在说哪辆车。有很多车可以租。
Maybe I"ve even driven more than one.
So that is introducing information that helps me to be specific about which car, alright?
可能我开的也不止一辆。所以引入信息能够帮助我让我把车说得更详细，对吧？
We can"t take that part of the sentence out because then the sentence isn"t clear, right?
It just doesn"t make sense.
我们不能把句子的那部分给拿出来，因为这样的话这个句子就不清楚了，对吧？这个句子就说不通了。
Which car was making noises? For any of you who are sitting exams and writing essays—that kind of thing, there"s another really important tip that I"ve got for you.
哪辆车在发出噪音？对于你们之中在参加考试或者是写论文的人来说，有另外一件重要的事情我需要告诉大家。
Do you notice the difference between these two sentences?
What"s the difference? Apart from "which" and "that".
你注意到这两个单词之间的区别了吗？不同之处在哪里？除了‘which’和‘that’之外。
Yeah it"s the commas, right? This difference in punctuation is absolutely necessary.
是的，是句号，对吧？句子停顿的区别也非常有必要。
So when you have an adjective clause that"s starting with "that" you don"t need to use commas.
This information is essential, right?
如果形容词性从句是‘that’开头的话，就不需要使用逗号。这个信息是必需的，对吧？
It"s part of the meaning of the sentence. It can"t be taken out.
这是句子意思的一部分。不能被拿出来。
If the adjective clause starts with "which", then you need to put a comma before and after the clause.
This makes it seem like it"s an extra, inserted piece of information, which it is, right?
如果形容词性从句是‘which’开头的话，那你就需要在从句之前和之后加上逗号。这看起来就像是额外的插入的信息，对吧？
It"s got the commas to show you that you can pick it up and remove it and your sentence still makes sense. Alright one more example and then you"re going to be more than ready to take the quiz at the end.
逗号能够告诉大家你们可以把它给拿起来移走，整个句子还是说得通的。好的，再来一个例子，然后呢你们就要准备好在结束的时候做个小测试了。
Imagine that I have three dogs. Right, one of my dogs has spots.
想象一下我有三条狗。好的，我的一只狗有斑点。
The other two don"t. And my dog that has spots is missing.
另外两只没有。有斑点的那只丢了。
So if I tell you my dog is missing, it"s not very helpful because you don"t know which dog I"m talking about, right? My dog that has spots is missing.
如果我告诉你我的狗丢了的话，那其实没什么意义，因为你们不知道我到底说的是哪条狗，对吧？我有斑点的那条狗丢了。
The fact that the dog has spots, it"s not the brown one, it"s not the white one.
This information is essential, it"s important information, right?
是那只有斑点的狗，不是那只棕色的，不是那只白色的。这个信息很重要，是重要的信息，对吧？
So let"s compare it to my brother"s dog because my brother has just one dog.
He got the dog for his birthday and his dog is sick.
所以让我们和我哥哥的狗比较一下吧，因为我哥哥只有一只狗。他过生日的时候得到了那只狗，但是他的狗病了。
My brother"s dog is sick. We don"t need to know any more information about this, right? We know which dog because he"s only got one.
我哥哥的狗病了。我们不需要知道其他的信息了，对吧？我们知道是哪只狗，因为他只有一只。
But if I wanted to give some extra information to tell you a little bit more about the dog, I can use "which". My brother"s dog, which he got for his birthday, is sick.
但是如果我想要告诉大家一些额外的信息的话，想告诉大家更多的关于狗的信息，我可以使用‘which’。我哥哥的狗，是他在生日收到的那只，生病了。
So that"s extra information right? It"s not essential. So we used "which" and we used commas.
Okay how are you feeling? Are you ready to test yourself a little?
那是额外信息，对吧？这并不是必要的。所以我们使用的是‘which’，还加了逗号。好的，你们感觉怎么样？准备好测试一下自己了吗？
I think you are, I think you are more than ready.
I"ll be back after this super quick break with a quiz to check what you learned during this lesson.
我觉得你们准备好了，我觉得你们肯定准备很充分了。稍事休息之后我马上回来，给大家个小测试，看看大家这节课学到了什么。
Don"t go anywhere. Okay are you ready? All you need to do is decide is "which" or "that" the correct word to use.
不要跑去其他地方哦。好的，大家准备好了吗？你需要做的就是决定‘which’还是‘that’是正确的那个单词。
This quiz is going to get faster as we go so you"ll have less and less time to answer each question. So you"ve got to be ready, right?
这个测试会越来越快的，所以你们回答每个问题的时间会越来越少。大家准备好了吧？
Make sure you keep track of how many questions you get right so that you can tell me how you did at the end.
Up here I"m going to show you two sentences but only one of those sentences is correct.
记得一定要记住你们答对了多少个问题，这样你们就可以在结束的时候告诉我你们做的怎么样。就在这里，我会给大家看两个句子，但是只有一个是对的。
Right you just need to choose the correct one. You ready?
你们只需要选出正确的那个就可以。准备好了吗？
Number one. I have one house that has a green door.
第一个。我有一个房子，那个房子有绿色的门。
So which of these sentences is the correct sentence? The answer"s B:
这两个句子哪个才是正确的呢？答案是B：
My house, which has a green door is at the end of the street. I"ve only got one house, right?
我的房子，就是有绿色的门的那个，在街道的尽头。我只有一栋房子，对吧？
So the detail about the door is not essential information. So number two.
关于门的细节并不是必要的信息。第二个。
Shoes that have cheap soles make my feet hurt. Or: Shoes, which have cheap soles, make my feet hurt.
鞋底便宜的鞋子把我的脚给弄痛了。或者是：那双鞋底便宜的鞋子，把我的脚给弄痛了。
A is the right answer here. Not all shoes have cheap soles, right?
And they don"t all hurt my feet, only the shoes with cheap soles.
A是正确答案。并不是所有的鞋的鞋底都是便宜的，是吧？它们并不是所有的都会把我的脚给弄痛，只有鞋底便宜的才会。
So I"m being specific, it"s essential information. Number three.
我说的比较详细，这是必需的信息。第三个。
Which one of these is correct? The ring that my grandma gave me is worth a lot of money.
哪个是对的？我奶奶给我的戒指很值钱。
Or: The ring which my grandma gave me is worth a lot of money. Actually both of them could work here.
或者是：我奶奶给我的戒指很值钱。其实这两个都是可以的。
So I guess you"re right! It would depend if the listener knew which ring they were talking about, right?
If we both knew that we were talking about this ring, if I only had one ring on, then it"s just extra information, right?
我猜你们肯定对了！取决于听者是不是知道他们在讨论哪个戒指，对吧？如果我们都知道我们都在讨论这个戒指，如果我只有一个戒指的话，那就是额外信息，对吧？
But if you didn"t know which ring, then I can be specific and say: "The ring that my grandma gave me." Number four.
但是如果你不知道是哪个戒指的话，那我就得说的详细一点，我就会说：“我奶奶给我的戒指”。第四个。
What do you think? It"s definitely A.
你觉得呢？肯定是A了。
He"s not allergic to all food, just specifically food cooked with soy oil.
So see how if we remove this clause, it changes completely, right?
他不是对所有的食物都过敏，只是用豆油做的那些会过敏。看看如果我们拿走这个从句的话，就会完全变了，对吧？
Food can give him an allergic reaction. It"s a completely different meaning.
食物会让他产生过敏反应。意思完全就不一样了。
The information is essential. I have one pair of sunglasses and they"re pink.
这个信息很必要。我有一副太阳镜，是粉色的。
So number five. B makes more sense. The fact that they"re pink is not really essential information, is it?
第五个。B更能说得通。它们是粉色的这个事实其实并不是必须的信息，对吧？
So we would choose B. Number six.
所以我们选择B。第六个。
I"ve had my computer for six years. It"s the only computer that I have.?B. Yes!
我的电脑已经用了六年了。我只用过一台电脑。B。是的！
Again, this information is not essential because we know that I only have one computer, right?
Music makes me want to dance but only music with a good beat not any other types of music.
同样的，这个信息不是必须的，因为我们知道我只有一台电脑，对吧？音乐会让我想要跳舞，但是只有那些节奏很好的音乐，而不是其他类型的音乐。
Yes it"s A, you"re right. My shirt that has a stain on it needs to be washed.
是的，是A，你们对了。我上面有斑点的那件衬衫需要清洗了。
Or: My shirt, which has a stain on it, needs to be washed. A, right? It"s essential information.
或者是：我的衬衫，上面有斑点的那件，需要清洗了。A，对吧？这是必要的信息。
I need to know which shirt, out of all of my shirts, which is the one that needs to be washed. The one with the stain.
我需要知道是在我所有的衬衫里面到底是哪一件，哪件是需要清洗的。上面有斑点的那件。
I forgot my jacket that"s purple on the bus. I forgot my jacket, which is purple, on the bus.
我把我紫色的那件外套落在公交车上了。我把我紫色的那件外套给落在公交车上了。
The answer"s B. Okay the last one now.
答案是B。好的，最后一个啦。
The picture that was taken at sunset is my favourite.
The picture, which was taken at sunset, is my favourite.
日落时分拍的那张照片是我最喜欢的。日落时分拍的那张照片是我最喜欢的。
Yeah! The picture that was taken at sunset is my favourite. Perfect! Nice work!
耶！日落时分拍的那张照片是我最喜欢的。完美！真棒！
That got really, really fast towards the end, don"t you think? How did you do?
最后的时候真的特别特别快，对吧？你们做的怎么样啊？
How many did you get right? Did you make any mistakes?
你们做对了多少呢？你们犯错误了吗？
Share your results in the comments so I can see how you did.
I love creating new lessons for you every single week so if you did enjoy this lesson, then make sure you hit the subscribe button down there.
And let me know if there are any English lessons you are dying for me to teach.
在评论区分享你们的结果吧，这样我就可以看到你们做的怎么样了。我很喜欢每周都为你们制作新的课程，如果你们喜欢这节课的话，那就一定要点击下面的订阅按钮。如果你们有想让我教给大家的英语课程的话，一定要让我知道哦。
Right now, I think it"s time to head over here and check out this lesson.
I"ll see you in there!
好的，我知道是时候去看看这节课程了。再见啦！
