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Hello I"m Emma from mmmEnglish! A couple of weeks ago, I created a lesson about the present perfect tense.
嗨！我是 Emma 来自 mmmEnglish！几周前，我做了一个关于现在完成时的课程。
What it looks like, how to use it and all of that good stuff! I talked about when to use the present perfect simple tense and when to use the past simple tense.
关于它是什么样的，如何使用它等等不错的内容！我讲到了什么时候用一般现在完成时，什么时候用一般过去完成时。
Now if you missed it, you can check it out right here. But after watching that lesson, many of you asked me "So when do we use the present perfect simple tense and when do we use the present perfect continuous tense?"
那么如果你错过了它，你可以在这里点击观看。但是在看完那门课程后，很多人会问我 “那么我们什么时候用一般现在完成时，什么时候用现在完成进行时呢？”
A lot of you also asked, "So when do you use these words "since" and "for"?" Now, both of these questions are really important questions when you"re using the present perfect tense in English.
很多人还会问，“什么时候用 since 或者 for？”所有这些问题都是你在使用现在完成时时非常重要的问题。
So, in this video I"m going to answer both of those questions.
This channel is all about speaking and communicating confidently in English and I know that fixing some of these common grammar errors is an important part of helping you to feel confident when you"re using English so that when you do speak, you can express yourself clearly and automatically.
所以，在本视频中我会回答这些问题。本频道完全是关于自信说英语，自信用英语交流的，而我知道修正这些常见的语法错误，是帮助使用英语的你们感到自信的一个重要部分。
这样当你在使用英语时，你可以清楚自如地表达自己。
So let"s start by talking about the present perfect simple tense and the present perfect continuous tense. They have eaten the pizza.
那么我们从一般现在完成时和现在完成进行时开始说起。他们已经吃完了披萨。
So this is the present perfect simple tense. We have the auxiliary verb, have, with our main verb in past participle form.
这是一个一般现在完成时。我们有助动词，have，还有主动词的过去分词形式。
They have been eating the pizza. Now this is the present perfect continuous tense.
他们在吃着披萨。那么这个就是现在完成进行时。
We still have the auxiliary verb, have, but now we have the word, been, and our main verb in a continuous or progressive form.
So when you compare these two sentences, the main difference is that the first one tells us that the action finished in the past, there is no more pizza, now in the present.
我们还是用助动词，have，但是我们还用了这个单词，been，我们的主动词则是连续或进行式。
当你在比较这两个句子时，主要的不同是第一个告诉我们动作在过去已完成，现在，已经没有披萨了。
The second sentence - the present perfect continuous tense - suggests that there is still pizza left now. They haven"t eaten all of the pizza yet.
而第二个句子，现在完成进行时，则表示现在还有剩下的披萨。他们还没有吃完全部的披萨。
We can use either of these tenses to talk about events that happened in the past but they"re somehow connected to the present. She has borrowed our car.
我们可以用任何一个句子来谈论发生在过去的事，但是它们都以某种方式联系着现在。她借了我们的车。
So this is an action that happened in the past but it"s important to the present because we don"t have a car right now.
We"re focused on the result when we"re using the present perfect simple.
那这是一个过去已经发生的动作，但是它对现在也重要，因为我们现在没有车了。
我们在使用一般现在完成时时要注意结果。
She"s been borrowing our car every Thursday. Now, this sentence suggests that the action is still happening.
她每周四都会借我们的车。那么，这个句子就是在暗示这个动作还在进行中。
So next Thursday, she"ll probably borrow the car again. So here, our focus is on the action.
下周四，她可能还会再借车。那么，我们的重点在动作上。
The action is unfinished. Now the present perfect continuous is your best choice when the focus is on an activity that is unfinished.
动作未完成。当重点是一个动作未完成时，那么现在完成进行时就是最好的选择。
So let"s compare another example. I"ve searched the internet for more information.
那么，我们和另一个例子相比较。我在网上查询了更多的信息。
Now this sentence suggests that you"re not searching anymore.
The action finished in the past but it"s important to the present because right now, in this moment, we don"t have the information.
那么，这个句子表示你现在没有再找了。动作在过去已经完成了，但对现在而言很重要，因为现在，当下，我们没有信息。
I"ve been searching the internet for more information.
This sentence suggests that you"re still doing it, you haven"t given up yet and you"re still looking for the information now.
我正在网上寻找更多的信息。这个句子暗示你还在做这件事，
Let"s try another example. We"ve written an essay about climate change.
我们再看一个例子。我们已经写了一个关于气候变化的论文。
The action here is finished. It"s in the past, we"ve already completed it.
动作是已经完成的。在过去，我们已经完成了这个动作。
So you can also say we wrote an essay about climate change using the past simple but to connect it to the present and make it important to the present you need to use the present perfect tense.
Think about if you were with a group of scientists and you wanted to demonstrate to them or show them that you were knowledgeable about the topic of climate change.
那么你还可以说我们写了一个关于气候变化的文章，使用一般过去时，但是若想把它和现在联系到一起，使其显得对现在来说很重要，那么你需要用现在完成时。
想想如果你和一个科学家小组在一起，而你想要向他们展示你对于气候变化的议题非常了解。
You can connect your past experience to the present using the present perfect tense. Writing the essay is part of your life experience now.
你可以用你过去的经验和现在联系起来，使用现在完成时。写这个论文是你生活经验的一部分。
We"ve been writing an essay about climate change suggests that you"re still doing it.
The essay is not finished yet, you"re still working on it at the moment, in the present.
我们正在写气候变化的文章表示你们正在做这件事。这篇论文还没有完成，你在现在还是在写，在目前。
I have been studying Spanish. This is an unfinished action - I"m still doing it.
我正在学西班牙语。这是一个未完成的动作，我还在做这件事。
The continuous form makes it clear that the action is still happening. I"m still studying in this moment.
进行时是让其更清楚，这个动作还在发生。我在现在还在学习。
I have studied French. By using the present perfect tense here, it suggests that the action happened regularly in the past, but that it doesn"t happen in the moment.
我学过法语。但是使用现在完成时，表示这个动作在过去有规律性的发生，而现在没有了。
But by using this tense - not the past simple tense - I"m suggesting that somehow it"s meaningful or relevant to the present. Like, I know a little French.
通过使用这个时态，而不是使用一般过去时，我是在暗示它对现在有意义或者有关系。比如，我会一点儿法语。
I"m not studying it at the moment but I know a little. Okay this last example is a little more difficult to explain and understand.
我现在没有学，但是我会一点。最后这个例句有一点难以解释和理解。
There are a few verbs in English like the verb, live and work, where the difference between the present perfect simple and the present perfect continuous is less clear.
But I"m going to try and explain it for you now.
英语中有一些动词，比如 live 和 work，它们的一般现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别不太清楚。但我打算尽力解释给你。
I"ve lived here for five years. I"m from Melbourne originally, but I"ve been living here for five years.
我在这住了5年了。我来自墨尔本，但是我在这住了5年。
So both of these sentences use the adverb, for, to give us more information about how long the action has been happening for, the duration of time.
But to understand the difference, we need to think about these examples in slightly different ways.
这两个句子都用了副词，for，向我提供关于这个动作发生了多久的信息，持续的时间。但是为了理解区别，我们需要想一些稍微不同的例子。
The present perfect simple, I have lived suggests that the action is a permanent thing. The present perfect continuous often tells us that the action is a more temporary thing.
一般现在完成时，我已经住了，表示这个动作是永恒的。而现在完成进行时则表示这个动作更偏暂时的。
It"s not as permanent. It suggests that I might live somewhere else, in the future.
不是永久性的。它暗示我未来可能会在别的地方。
Okay, how do you feel about the present perfect simple and the present perfect continuous tenses now? Hopefully a little clearer!
那么，现在你怎么看一般现在完成时和现在完成进行时呢？希望清楚了一点！
Now, we"re going to focus on those two adverbs that you can use with these tenses. Now there"s quite a few adverbs that you can use with the present perfect tenses like already, yet, before just ever never.
那么，我们打算着重于可以用于这些时态的两个副词。其实有一些副词你都可以用于现在完成时，比如 already，yet，before just ever never.
But in this lesson, we"re going to focus on for and since. Both of these words are used with the present perfect tenses and the past perfect tenses.
但是在本节课，我们打算重点讲 for 和 since。所有这些词都可以用于现在完成时和过去完成时。
And both of these words explain how long something has been happening for, it"s a duration of time.
So when you"re using the present perfect tense and you want to give more information about the amount of time that the action"s been happening for, you can use the words "for" and "since".
而所有这些单词解释的是某事发生了多久，是一段时间。
那么当你正在用现在完成时时，你想要提供更多关于时间的信息，关于这个动作发生了多久，你可以用单词 "for" 和 "since"。
Now it"s important to remember that the word "since" can only be used with the perfect tenses but the word "for", can be used in other tenses as well when you want to give more information about the time it took to do something.
So these two important words can be easily confused, in the present perfect.
重要的是要记住单词 "since" 只可以用于完成时态，但是单词 "for"，可以用于其他时态，或者当你想提供关于做某事花费多长时间的信息时。
那么在现在完成时里，这两个重要的单词很容易混淆。
Using the wrong one is a very common mistake for English learners. We use the word "for" with a period of time.
对于英语学习者而言普遍会用错。我们用 "for" 加一段时间。
Okay so like, three days, this is a period of time. So I want to show you on a timeline how this works.
就像，3天，这是一段时间。所以我想向你展示一个关于它是如何运作的时间轴。
This is today. This is Sunday. And this point in our timeline is Thursday.
这是今天。这是星期天。这个点在我们的时间轴里是星期四。
This is when the action happened or it started happening. So the focus is on this period of time, here.
这是动作发生或者开始的时间。那么重点就在这个时间段，这里。
For periods of time, we need to use "for". For three days.
对于时间段，我们需要用"for"。3天。
For three months. For an hour.
3个月。一个小时。
For two and a half years. For a long time.
两年半。很长一段时间。
Even though we"re not talking about a specific amount of time, this reference refers to a period of time, a long period of time. So we still need to use "for".
尽管我们没有说一个明确的时间，但这个参考指一段时间，很长一段时间。所以我们需要用"for"。
Now let"s add this to some of the examples in the present perfect structure. We have lived in London for six years.
那么，我们来把这个应用到一些现在完成时结构的例句中。我们在伦敦住了6年。
He has borrowed my car for three days. They"ve been waiting for an hour.
他借用我的车3天。他们已经等了一个小时。
Now, you need to use "since" with a specific moment in the past - with a specific point in time. So let"s go back to our timeline to talk about it.
用单词 "since" 你需要加过去的一个特定时间，一个特定的时间点。我们回到时间线来一起讨论一下。
So today"s Sunday, here we are on Sunday and this is the point when the action happened or it started happening.
This point is Thursday so we can say that we"ve been doing the action since Thursday.
今天是周日，我们在周日，这个点就是当动作发生或开始发生的时间点。
这个时间点是周四所以我们可以说从周四开始在做这个动作。
So the focus is on the point in time when the action happened or it began. So, since I lived in Brazil.
所以重点是在这个时间点动作发生或者开始了。那么，自从我住在巴西以来。
Or since 3 o"clock. Since 1992.
或者从3点开始。从1992年。
Since last week. So let"s add "since" to the present perfect structure.
从上周。我们将 "since" 加到现在完成时结构。
I have lived here since I was a child. I"ve been working here since April.
从我是一个小孩的时候，我就住在这。我从4月份开始在这工作。
They"ve been waiting since 9:00 a. m. I"ve had these pens since I was at school!
他们从9点开始等待。从我上学起我就有这些钢笔了。
I"ve been expecting the parcel since last Tuesday! These structures with "for" and "since" are really useful when answering questions that start with "how long"
从上周三开始我就期待着这个包裹。当回答用 "how long" 开头的句子时，加 "for" 和 “since” 的结构就很有用。
How long have you been travelling? I"ve been travelling since June.
你旅行多久了？自从6月开始我就在旅行。
I"ve been travelling for 3 months. So make sure that you"re always listening for the clues in a question, like this, how long, if someone"s asking how long, then you can use these words "for" and "since" to give your answers in the present perfect.
我已经旅行3个月了。你要保证总能在问题中听到线索，比如，how long，如果某人问多久，那么你可以用单词"for" 和 "since" 用现在完成时的形态给出答案。
Well that"s it for this lesson! Even though the present perfect tenses can be frustrating at times, be patient while you"re perfecting it.
那么，这就是本节课的内容！尽管现在完成时有时会很烦人，但当你在完善它时耐心一点。
Don"t just use the past simple tense because it"s easier. I want you to really take the time to practice the present perfect, because it allows you to be so much more expressive with your English.
不要因为简单就总是用一般过去时。我希望你能真的花时间练习现在完成时，因为它能让你的英语表达更充分。
And the more often that you do it, the more naturally it will come to you. So make sure that you subscribe to this channel right here,
你练习的越多，使用的就越自然。你一定要订阅本频道。
I make new lessons every week. To keep practising with the present perfect tenses, watch this playlist here because I"ve been making a few lessons about the present perfect recently.
我每周都会有新课程。想要继续练习现在完成时，看这里的播放列表，因为我最近还制作了一些关于现在完成时的课程。
But you can also explore other lessons, right here. Thanks for watching and I"ll see you in the next lesson here on the mmmEnglish YouTube channel.
但是你也可以看看其他的课程，在这里。感谢观看，我们下节课再见！
Bye for now!
拜拜！
本文如果对你有帮助，请点赞收藏《Emma英语》，同时在此感谢原作者。
