卢森堡首相承认硕士论文抄袭

时间：2018-12-21

此前媒体总共56页的论文只有两页不是抄袭的

友情提示：本文共有 14947 个字，阅读大概需要 30 分钟。

据当地媒体报道，卢森堡（Luxembourg）首相格扎维埃·贝泰尔（Xavier Bettel）承认其硕士论文抄袭。此前媒体总共56页的论文只有两页不是抄袭的。他表示会“自然地接受”大学重新审查论文后的决定。

无注释原文：

‘Only two pages’ of Luxembourg PM’s university thesis were not plagiarised

The Guardian

Luxembourg’s prime minister, Xavier Bettel, has admitted his university thesis “should have been done differently” after a media investigation concluded that only two of the work’s 56 pages had not been plagiarised.

A local news outlet, reporter.lu, said on Wednesday that Bettel had lifted three-quarters of the text, describing it as “an impressive hodgepodge of copied passages that does not meet the customary requirements of academia”.

Bettel, 48, who has been prime minister since 2013, said the thesis was more than 20 years old and written with a clear conscience. But “from today’s standpoint, it could have – yes, maybe should have – been done differently”, he said.

Bettel said he had full confidence in the University of Lorraine in eastern France to assess whether the work met its standards at the time, and that he would “naturally accept” its decision, even if it meant his qualification was withdrawn.

The thesis was written as part of an advanced diploma – roughly the equivalent of a master’s degree – in public law and political science that Bettel completed at what was then known as the University of Nancy in the same year he entered parliament.

Reporter.lu said the thesis, called Toward a Possible Reform of Voting Systems in the European Parliament, contained lengthy passages of text that had been lifted unattributed from two books, four websites and a press article.

It said only “a few paragraphs in the introduction” and “an equally short conclusion” had not been copied wholesale, amounting to an exercise in plagiarism “unparalleled in its scope” – a verdict that it said had been confirmed by independent experts.

Fully 20 pages of the thesis were lifted straight from the website of the European parliament in defiance of a clear copyright warning, it said, with nine more taken from a 1998 report by a Greek MEP and further passages copied from a standard introductory textbook on the EU’s institutions.

“The plagiarism I found is very problematic because long passages were transferred almost word for word,” Anna-Lena Hgenauer, a political science professor at the University of Luxembourg, told the outlet. “You can’t accidentally copy several pages.”

Nicolas Sauger, a political scientist at Sciences Po in Paris, said Bettel’s thesis was unoriginal and poorly researched, and the plagiarism “too extensive to be reasonable”. But the prime minister’s former supervisor, Etienne Criqui, said standards were different before the invention of plagiarism-detecting software.

The scandal is the latest plagiarism row to hit a high-profile European politician in recent years, with Germany the worst affected. Germany’s family minister Franziska Giffey was forced to step down in May over claims she plagiarised her doctoral thesis.

In 2013 Annette Schavan, then the education minister, had to step down after the University of Düsseldorf stripped her of her doctorate, while two years earlier defence minister Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg resigned for the same reason.

- ◆ -

注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应

含注释全文：

‘Only two pages’ of Luxembourg PM’s university thesis were not plagiarised

The Guardian

Luxembourg’s prime minister, Xavier Bettel, has admitted his university thesis “should have been done differently” after a media investigation concluded that only two of the work’s 56 pages had not been plagiarised.

卢森堡（Luxembourg）首相格扎维埃·贝泰尔（Xavier Bettel）承认，他的大学毕业论文“本应该采取不同做法”，因为媒体调查得出结论，该论文的56页中只有两页没有抄袭。

thesis

thesis /θiss/ 表示“论文，毕业论文，学位论文”，英文解释为“a long piece of writing about a particular subject that you do as part of an advanced university degree such as an MA or a PhD”。

plagiarize/plagiarise

plagiarize /pledraz/ 作动词，表示“剽窃，抄袭”，英文解释为“to use another person"s ideas or work and pretend that it is your own”举个：

The book contains numerous plagiarized passages.

该书有许多段落是抄袭的。

plagiarism /pledrzm/ 名词，表示“剽窃”，英文解释为“Plagiarism is the practice of using or copying someone else"s idea or work and pretending that you thought of it or created it.”举个：

Now he"s in real trouble. He"s accused of plagiarism.

现在他陷入真正的麻烦了。他被指控剽窃。

A local news outlet, reporter.lu, said on Wednesday that Bettel had lifted three-quarters of the text, describing it as “an impressive hodgepodge of copied passages that does not meet the customary requirements of academia”.

当地一家新闻媒体reporter.lu周三称，贝泰尔抄袭了四分之三的内容，并将其描述为“令人印象深刻的抄袭大杂烩，不符合学术界的惯例要求”。

outlet

outlet/outlets一词经常出现，media outlet / news outlets 都可以表示媒体/新闻机构；

outlet本身表示“商店，商行；销售公司；专卖店；直销店”，英文解释为“An outlet is a shop or organization which sells the goods made by a particular manufacturer or at a discount price, often direct from the manufacturer.”如：a fast-food outlet 快餐店 a retail outlet 零售店，举个：

At the factory outlet you"ll find discounted items at up to 75% off regular prices.

在工厂的直销店里，你会找到比常规价低75%的打折商品。

而我们日常生活中常见的“奥特莱斯”商场就是outlets的音译，指的就是品牌直销购物中心。

lift

熟词僻义，可以表示“偷窃，偷盗”（to steal something），也可以表示“剽窃”，英文解释为“to use someone else"s writing, music, or idea, pretending that it is your own”举个：

He"d lifted whole passages from a website.

他从网站上整段整段地剽窃文章。

hodgepodge

hodgepodge /hdpd/ = hotchpotch 表示“杂乱无章的一堆东西；大杂烩”，英文解释为“a confused mixture of different things”

customary

customary相当于usual，表示“惯常的”，举个：

She"s not her customary cheerful self today.

她今天不像往常那样乐呵呵的。

美剧《权利的游戏》（Game of Thrones）第二季中的台词提到：It was customary for me to extend him an invitation. 邀请他前来赴宴是一种习俗。

Bettel, 48, who has been prime minister since 2013, said the thesis was more than 20 years old and written with a clear conscience. But “from today’s standpoint, it could have – yes, maybe should have – been done differently”, he said.

48岁的贝泰尔自2013年以来一直担任总理，他说这篇论文有20多年的历史，写的时候问心无愧。但“从今天的角度来看，它本可以--是的，也许应该--换种方式”，他说。

conscience

表示“良心；良知”，英文解释为“the part of you that judges how moral your own actions are and makes you feel guilty about bad things that you have done or things you feel responsible for”，如：a guilty conscience 问心有愧，举个：

You didn"t do anything wrong - you should have a clear conscience (= not feel guilty).

你没做错什么——你应该觉得问心无愧。

Bettel said he had full confidence in the University of Lorraine in eastern France to assess whether the work met its standards at the time, and that he would “naturally accept” its decision, even if it meant his qualification was withdrawn.

贝泰尔说，他完全相信法国东部的洛林大学（University of Lorraine）能够评估该论文是否符合当时的标准，而且他“自然会接受”该大学的决定，即使这意味着他的资格被撤销了。

qualification

表示“获得资格；合格；达到标准”，英文解释为“success in getting into a competition”举个：

The win earned them qualification for the World Cup finals.

这场胜利让他们获得了参加世界杯决赛的资格。

The thesis was written as part of an advanced diploma – roughly the equivalent of a master’s degree – in public law and political science that Bettel completed at what was then known as the University of Nancy in the same year he entered parliament.

这篇论文是贝泰尔在当时的南锡大学（University of Nancy）为取得公法和政治学高级文凭（大致相当于硕士学位）所写的。同年，贝特尔进入议会。

diploma

表示“学位证书；大学文凭”，英文解释为“a document given by a college or university to show that you have passed a particular exam or finished your studies”。

equivalent

1）作形容词，表示“（价值、数量、意义、重要性等）相等的，相同的”，英文解释为“equal in value, amount, meaning, importance, etc.”举个：

Eight kilometres is roughly equivalent to five miles.

八公里约等于五英里。

2）作名词，表示“相等的东西；等量；对应词”，英文解释为“a thing, amount, word, etc. that is equivalent to sth else”。

通常，提到Weibo时候会介绍为中国版的Twitter，常见的有几种说法：

Weibo, China"s Twitter-like service (SCMP)

Weibo, the Chinese equivalent to Twitter (NPR NEWS)

Twitter-like Weibo (Reuters)

Weibo, a Twitter-like platform (NYT)

Master"s degree

表示“硕士学位”，英文解释为“an advanced college or university degree”。

Reporter.lu said the thesis, called Toward a Possible Reform of Voting Systems in the European Parliament, contained lengthy passages of text that had been lifted unattributed from two books, four websites and a press article.

Reporter.lu报道称，这篇名为《欧洲议会投票制度的可能改革》的论文抄袭了包含两本书、四个网站和一篇媒体文章在内的未注明出处的大段文本。

attribute

表示“认为是…所为（或说、写、作）”，英文解释为“to say or believe that sb is responsible for doing sth, especially for saying, writing or painting sth”举个：

This play is usually attributed to Shakespeare.

人们通常认为这出戏剧是莎士比亚所写。

报道称，只有“引言中的几个段落”和“同样简短的结论”没有全盘抄袭，算得上是抄袭“范围前所未有”的行为--报道称这一结论已被独立专家证实。

wholesale

1）表示“批发的；趸售的”，英文解释为“connected with goods that are bought and sold in large quantities, especially so they can be sold again to make a profit”如：wholesale prices 批发价格。

2）表示“大规模的（破坏/变动）”，英文解释为“happening or done to a very large number of people or things”举个：

They are only doing what is necessary to prevent wholesale destruction of vegetation.

他们只是在做为防止植被遭大规模破坏而必须做的事情。

amount to

1）表示“（数量上）达到，总计”，英文解释为“if figures, sums etc amount to a particular total, they equal that total when they are added together”，举个：

Time lost through illness amounted to 12 working days.

因疾病而损失的时间总计为12个工作日。

2）表示“等于，相当于”，英文解释为“if an attitude, remark, situation etc amounts to something, it has the same effect”，举个：

The court’s decision amounts to a not guilty verdict.

法庭的裁决等于是宣判无罪。

unparalleled

表示“无双的，无比的；空前的”，英文解释为“having no equal; better or greater than any other”举个：

They enjoyed success on a scale unparalleled by any previous rock band.

他们取得了以前任何流行乐队都无法比拟的成功。

verdict

1）表示“（经过检验或认真考虑后的）决定，结论，意见”，英文解释为“a decision that you make or an opinion that you give about sth, after you have tested it or considered it carefully”举个：

The doctor"s verdict was that he was entirely healthy.

这名医生的判断是他完全是健康的。

2）另一个常用含义，表示“裁定，裁决，裁断”（In a court of law, the verdict is the decision that is given by the jury or judge at the end of a trial.）

电影《真实故事》（True Story）中的台词提到：And the verdict was you"re a liar. 而判决是，你是个骗子。

报道称，论文中有整整20页是无视明确的版权警告而直接从欧洲议会的网站上摘取的，还有9页来自一位希腊议员1998年的报告，还有一些段落是从一本关于欧盟机构的标准入门教材中抄袭的。

defiance

defiance /dfans/ 表示“对抗；对立；违抗”，英文解释为“behaviour in which you refuse to obey someone or something”举个：

Nuclear testing was resumed in defiance of an international ban.

尽管国际上明令禁止，核试验又在进行了。

表示“版权，著作权”，英文解释为“the legal right to control the production and selling of a book, play, film, photograph, or piece of music”

introductory

1）表示“引导的；序言的”，英文解释为“written or said at the beginning”如：an introductory chapter 序篇。

2）表示“首次的（存在，使用或经历）”，英文解释为“existing, used, or experienced for the first time”，如：an introductory course in design (= a course for people who have not done it before) 设计入门课程。

“The plagiarism I found is very problematic because long passages were transferred almost word for word,” Anna-Lena Hgenauer, a political science professor at the University of Luxembourg, told the outlet. “You can’t accidentally copy several pages.”

卢森堡大学（University of Luxembourg）政治学教授安娜·莱娜·霍根瑙尔（Anna-Lena Hgenauer）告诉该媒体：“我发现的抄袭是非常有问题的，因为长的段落几乎是一字不差地搬过来的。不可能是一不小心复制好几页内容。”

transfer

表示“搬；转移”，英文解释为“to move someone or something from one place, vehicle, person, or group to another”举个：

He has been transferred to a psychiatric hospital.

他被转到了一家精神病医院。

Nicolas Sauger, a political scientist at Sciences Po in Paris, said Bettel’s thesis was unoriginal and poorly researched, and the plagiarism “too extensive to be reasonable”. But the prime minister’s former supervisor, Etienne Criqui, said standards were different before the invention of plagiarism-detecting software.

巴黎政治学院（Sciences Po in Paris）的政治学家尼古拉·索格（Nicolas Sauger）说，贝特尔的论文没有原创性，研究不充分，抄袭“范围太广，不合理”。但这位总理的前导师艾蒂安·克里基（Etienne Criqui）说，在发明抄袭检测软件之前，标准是不同的。

The scandal is the latest plagiarism row to hit a high-profile European politician in recent years, with Germany the worst affected. Germany’s family minister Franziska Giffey was forced to step down in May over claims she plagiarised her doctoral thesis.

这一丑闻是近年来欧洲知名政治家遭遇的最新抄袭风波，其中，德国受影响最严重。德国家庭部长弗朗西斯卡·吉菲（Franziska Giffey）在5月被迫下台，因为她被指控博士论文剽窃。

row

表示“吵架；争吵；严重分歧；纠纷”，英文解释为“a noisy argument between two or more people；a serious disagreement between people, organizations, etc. about sth”举个：

A row has broken out over education.

在教育问题上出现了严重分歧。

profile

profile一词经常出现，1）表示“（有关某人的）简介，概况”，英文解释为“A profile of someone is a short article or programme in which their life and character are described.”举个：

A newspaper published comparative profiles of the candidates" wives.

一份报纸刊登了候选人妻子们的对比简介。

2）表示“关注度”，英文解释为“If someone has a high profile, people notice them and what they do. If you keep a low profile, you avoid doing things that will make people notice you.”常用：a high profile 惹人注目/关注；高姿态，a low profile 不惹人注目，低姿态；如：a move that would give Egypt a much higher profile in the upcoming peace talks 会给埃及在即将到来的和平谈判中高关注度的一个行动。

顺便插一句，如果你把微信语言设置成英文，你就会发现微信官方把头像处理成：Profile Photo，上面的“My Profile”对应的中文则是“个人信息”。

step down

step down等同于step aside，表示“退位”，英文解释为“If someone steps down or steps aside, they resign from an important job or position, often in order to let someone else take their place.”举个：

He has decided to step down as captain of the team.

他决定不再当队长。

类似的还有，

quit，除了退出，离开的含义，也有：辞去（工作）；辞职，的含义（If you quit, or quit your job, you choose to leave it.）举个：

He quit his job as an office boy.

他辞去了办公室勤杂员的工作。

美剧《恋爱手册》（A To Z）中的台词提到：Quit my job and then ask him out? 辞职然后约他出去？

resign 1）表示“辞职”，英文解释为“If you resign from a job or position, you formally announce that you are leaving it.”举个：

He resigned his position last month.

他上个月辞去了他的职位。

2）表示“使屈从”，英文解释为“If you resign yourself to an unpleasant situation or fact, you accept it because you realize that you cannot change it.”举个：

Jane and I resigned ourselves to yet another summer without a boat.

简和我将就着又过了一个没有船的夏天。

In 2013 Annette Schavan, then the education minister, had to step down after the University of Düsseldorf stripped her of her doctorate, while two years earlier defence minister Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg resigned for the same reason.

2013年，时任教育部长的安妮特·沙万（Annette Schavan）在杜塞尔多夫大学（University of Düsseldorf）撤销了她的博士学位后不得不下台，而两年前国防部长卡尔·特奥多尔·祖·古滕贝格（Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg）也因同样原因辞职。

strip

2020年，泰国王妃被剥夺全部头衔时，各大媒体几乎都用了strip这个词，后接of，strip of表示“剥夺（财产、权利）；撤销（头衔）”，英文解释为“To strip someone of their property, rights, or titles means to take those things away from them.”举个：

The soldiers have stripped the civilians of their passports, and every other type of document.

那些士兵们已经夺走了市民的护照以及所有其他证件。

strip还有“脱衣服；脱光…的衣服”的意思，英文解释为“to remove your clothing, or to remove all the clothing of someone else”，举个：

He had been stripped naked, beaten and robbed.

他被脱光衣服，遭受殴打，东西还被抢了。

doctorate

doctorate = doctor"s degree 表示“博士学位”，英文解释为“the highest degree from a university”。

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