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1. 主语：
(1)由名词、代词(人称代词用主格)、动词不定式、动名词等充当,说明动作是“谁”发出的。如：
The painter painted a very nice picture. (画家画了一幅漂亮的画。) /
They fought against SARS bravely. (他们勇敢地与非典搏斗。) /
To see is to believe. (耳听为虚眼见为实). /
Helping animals is to help people. (帮助动物就是帮助人类。)
(2)动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用it代替,而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语之后。如：
It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey. (在长途旅行中能有个甲等座位简直太舒服了。) /
Eating too much is bad for your health.(=It is bad for your health eating too much.) (吃得太多对你的身体不利。)
(3)口语中常见主语或“主--系”省略：(It is) nothing. ((那)没有什么。)/
(It) doesn’t matter. ((那)没有关系。) /
(I) thank you. ((我)谢谢你。)
(4)反意问句的附加问句,主语必须是代词：
The man looks worried,doesn’t he? (这个人看上去很着急不是吗？) /
Tigers are dangerous animals, aren’t they? (老虎是危险的动物不是吗？)
(5)祈使句一般省略主语。加主语时往往用来指定某个人。
Keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子们请保持键盘的清洁。) (省略了主语) /
You go there and fetch me a glass of water. (你去给我弄一杯水来。)
(6)主语一般在句首,但在问句中会处于第二位和句尾；倒装句及there be句型主语在动词之后。如：
Computers are made in this factory. (计算机生产于这家工厂。) /
Where are they? (他们在哪儿？) /
Does the boy like staying home? (这个男孩喜欢呆在家里吗？)
(7)主语与谓语必须保持单、复数的一致, 而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一要求。
Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam. (Jim和Rose都没有通过考试。) /
The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people. (中华民族是一个勤劳勇敢的民族。)
(8)主语可以由从句充当,详见“主语从句”。
2、谓语：
(1)由“不及物动词”、“及物动词+宾语”或“系动词+表语”等构成,说明主语所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么样”。如：
He travelled in space for the first time.(他首次在太空旅行。) /
Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语？) /
The pizza has gone bad. (那块烤馅饼已经变坏。) /
(2)谓语动词必须反映出人称、单复数、时态等信息,谓语动词往往由下列词语依序排列构成：
［情态动词］+［时态助动词］+［语态助动词］+［主要动词］(不一定全部出现)。(见动词的时态和语态构成表)
记住：谓语部分第一个动词往往是变形动词。如：
I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to. (对不起我发出了太大的声音但是只能这样。) /
He can’t have finished reading the 800-page-long novel. (他不可能读完了那本长达800页的小说。) /
Something must be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out. (该采取措施防止
禽流感蔓延。)
(3)谓语动词切忌用“行为动词1 + 原形动词”、“be + 原形动词”。
记住使用下列正确形式：
①情态动词+原形动词。如：
You’d better go over the lesson.（你最好复习这一课。）
②shall/ will/ would+原形动词。如：
They should have been there once.（他们应该去过那儿。）
③be+现在分词或者过去分词。如：What are you doing this evening?（今晚你打算做什么？）/
Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.（自从20世纪70年代大批树木被砍伐。）
④have+过去分词。如：
Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.（意思同上）
⑤一般时问句和否定句中：do/does/did+原形动词。如：
He does not enjoy himself very much.（他日子过的不好。）/
Did any of you see dinosaur eggs?（你们当中有谁见过恐龙蛋吗？）
⑥行为动词1+行为动词2 (不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词等形式)。如：
He made up his mind to be a vet.（他拿定主意要做个兽医。）/
Feeling good about yourself is essential to feeling good about life.（自尊自爱是享受生活的根本。）/
They wake up the other family members, calling,“Merry Christmas!”（他们叫醒家庭的其他成员,呼喊着：圣诞快乐！）/
The kings of ancient Egypt had strong tombs built for themselves.（古代的埃及国王让人给他们自己修建坚固的坟墓。）
(4)不可用形容词、名词、代词、副词、介词短语等独立作谓语,必须在此之前加连系动词。
(5)谓语动词单复数形式：
单数形式的动词有：is,was,has,does以及“动词+s”；
复数形式的动词有：are,were,have以及动词原形。其他动词不分单、复数。
谓语部分第一个动词的形式
其他各时态语态的谓语动词
单复数形式相同
记住：主语、谓语单复数必须保持一致。
Air and water is necessary to us all.(空气和水对于我们大家是必不可少的。)
(6)一般问句和反意问句的回答不使用行为动词,应该使用“是”动词、情态动词、助动词(be,will,have,do以及变形)。如：
The Olympic Games is held every other year, isn’t it?
----Yes, it is.(奥运会每两年举办一次,是吗？----是的。)
3、宾语：
(1) 由名词、代词(人称代词要用宾格)、不定式、动名词、(宾语)从句充当,表示动作的承受者是“谁”或者是“何物”。如：
The angel also came to Joseph and told him the same thing.(那个天使同样来到约瑟夫面前并且告诉他同样的事情。)(代词和名词充当两个宾语) /
He told me that the company could not afford to pay him so much money.(他告诉我说公司付不起他那么多的钱。)(不定式作宾语) /
They enjoy watching football games so much that they often forget their lessons.(他们如此喜爱看足球以至于常常忘记了他们的功课。)(动名词作宾语) /
I think to be a children’s doctor is very rewarding.(我认为当个儿童医生是很值得的。)(从句作宾语)
(2) 只有及物动词或介词才有宾语,不及物动词没有宾语,如果涉及到事物,则必须在不及物动词后面加合适的介词。
Listen to the radio. (listen不是及物动词,故加to。) /
Can you hear anything exciting?(你能听到什么令人兴奋的消息吗？)
(3) 宾语一般放在及物动词或介词的后面,但是在疑问句中,如果宾语是疑问词,则宾语要放在句首。介词的宾语如果是疑问词,则可以放在介词后或句首。如：
What did he see? (他看见了什么？) /
What does he write a letter with? (他用什么写的信？) /
With what does he write a letter? (他用什么写的信？)
(4)“动词+副词+宾语”结构中,如果宾语是代词,则代词必须放在“动”“副”之间。如：
Please put the shoes away. (请把鞋子收起来。) /
Please put away the shoes. (请把鞋子收起来。) /
Please put them away. (请把它们收起来。)
(5) 动词后面跟双宾语时可以采用两种结构：
①动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)。如：
He often gives me some help. (他常常帮我。)
②动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。注意,一般情况介词用to,但动词是make, buy, borrow时,介词用for.如：
Please make me a kite. (请给我做个风筝。)
或Please make a kite for me.
(6) 在“动词+宾语+宾补”结构中,如果宾语是不定式、动名词、宾语从句,则常用it做形式宾语,而将实际的宾语移到补语后面去。如：
I found the job rather difficult. (我发觉这个工作相当难做。) /
I found it rather difficult to do the job.
(7) 宾语可以由从句充当,如：
I think that you need to see a doctor, Ken.
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