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英语语法专题62:过去完成时和过去完成进行时怎么使用?值得学习!
本专题我们学习“过去完成时和过去完成进行时的结构和用法”,思维导图如下:
详细内容如下:
Had+过去分词
过去完成时主要用来指过去某一特定时间以前就完成的行为。
(一)描述过去某一时间或某一动作之前已完成的动作
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已完成的动作,即“过去的过去”。这个过去的时刻常用by,before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示,也可以用一个表示过去的动作或上下文来表示。
例句1:By the end of yesterday,we had receivedover 1000 letters from all over the world.
到昨天为止,我们已经收到了来自世界各地的1000多封信。
例句2:I had just finished half of the work by yesterday.
到昨天为止我刚完成了一半任务。
例句3:She found that she had lefther luggage on the bus.
她发现自己的行李丢在了公共汽车上。
例句4:Jane had leftbefore I arrived.
我到之前简就走了。
注意!
常与过去完成时连用的时间状语有:
Be the end of last week到上周末为止
Since he left自他离开以来
By that time到那时为止
Before that year那年之前
Before I arrived在我到达之前
When I arrived在我到达时
(二)用来表示未曾实现的愿望或打算
动词hope,wish,plan,want,mean,intend,attempt,think,expect等表示“打算、计划、希望、认为”等的动词用于过去完成时表示“本打算(本计划、本希望、本认为)做而做”。
例句1:Ihad hoped to be back last night,but I didn"t catch the train.
我本来希望昨晚回来的,但没赶上火车。
例句2:The boy had meantto come in but the teacher refused him.
男孩本想进来,可老师拒绝他进入。
例句3:I had intended to come to the party,but I was busy.
我本打算去参加宴会的,可太忙了。
在hardly/scarcely...when...,no sooner... than...等特殊句式中,主句常用过去完成时,表示“一......就......”。当否定副词hardly,scarcely,no sooner等放于句首时,主句常用部分倒装。
例句1:I had hardly answeredthe teacher when he interrupted me.
我还没来得及回答老师的问题,他就打断了我的话。(=Hardly hadI answered the teacher when...)
例句2:Rosahad scarcely heard the news when she burst into tears.
罗莎一听到消息就大哭起来。(=Scarcely hadRosa heard the news when...)
例句3:I had no sooner seenhim than I asked him about the matter.
我一见到他,就问起那件事情。(=No sooner had I seen him than I...)
(三)使用过去完成时的一些常见情况
1)用在宾语从句中(特别是在间接引语中)
例句1:He said that he had beenin China for over ten years.
他说他在中国已经有十多年了。
例句2:She learned that scientists had madea breakthrough in the treatment of that disease.
她了解到科学家在治疗那种疾病方面有了突破。
例句3:I was afraid I had of fendedher.
我担心自己得罪了她。
2)用在状语从句中
例句1:I found the letter long after he had gone away.
他走后好久我才找到那封信。
例句2:When she had sungher song she sat down.
她唱完歌后坐了下来。
例句3:He refused to go till he had searchedall the rooms.
他把所有房间搜查了一遍后才离开。
例句4:As soon as he had doneit,he knew it was a mistake.
他刚一着手做就知道做错了。
3)用在定语从句中
例句1:She showed me the pictures she had painted.
她把她的画拿给我看。
例句2:The old oak tree,which had stood in the yard for a hundred years,suddenly crashed to the ground.
这棵老橡树在院子里已挺立了一百年,有天突然倒了下来。
Had been+现在分词
过去完成进行时的用法与现在完成进行时的用法基本相同,只是时间参考点不同。过去完成进行时以“过去的过去”为时间参考点,而现在完成进行时以“过去”为时间参考点。过去完成进行时指从“过去的过去”某一个时间点开始的动作或状态,一直延续到过去,动作或状态是否继续,需要根据上下文确定。
例句1:I didn"t know you had been waitingfor me.
我当时不知道你一直在等我。
例句2:I was tired.I had been workingsince dawn.
我当时很累,从天亮我就开始工作。
例句3:Until now the rumors that had been circulatingwere exaggerated versions of the truth.
到目前为止,流传的谣言都是将真相夸大了的版本。
例句4:It had been snowingall night. The ground was covered with thick snow.
下了一整夜的雪,地面被厚厚的雪覆盖。
过去完成时强调动作完成,而过去完成时表示动作有可能继续进行。
例句对比:I hadalready cleaned the kitchen.
我当时已经打扫完厨房了。
I had been cleaningthe kitchen.
我当时一直在打扫厨房。
以上就是“过去完成时和过去完成进行时的结构和用法”,英语学习贵在坚持!
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