第四节:简单句有哪五种?什么是主谓双宾句?什么是主谓宾宾补句?宾语补足语有哪些类型?
高考英语语法体系化研究:语法改错必须知其所以然
纲举目张,举一反三
简单句语法体系框架:
【知识点】
知识回顾:
简单句成立的两个必要条件:
必须有一个主谓结构
必须能表达完整的意思
9. 简单句有哪五种?
9.1前面已经学过三种简单句:
(1) 主谓句:主语+不及物动词谓语结构
I sat at a table, slowly explainevery step of the process.
(解析:I sat at a table. 就是一个典型的主谓句,有主谓结构,能表达完整意思,还有一个原则要牢记:在一个简单句结构中,已经有一个谓语动词,其他动词就只能使用非谓语结构即 to do, doing, done, 这里没有别的连接词如and, wh-, how等,故explain就不是谓语动词,应改为:I sat at a table, slowly explainingevery step of the process.)
(2) 主谓宾句:主语+及物动词+宾语
To help them better understand our tea-drinking culture, I takethem to the tea room in our school but (省略主语I) introduced the history of tea-making and tea culture to them.
(解析:两个典型的主谓宾句:I takethem to the tea room in our school. 和I introduced the history of tea-making and tea culture to them. 本句有两处错误:根据时态一致原则,take应改为took; 根据逻辑关系but改为and, 全句改为: To help them better understand our tea-drinking culture, I took them to the tea room in our school and (省略主语I) introduced the history of tea-making and tea culture to them.)
(3) 主系表句:主语+系动词+表语
All of them were so amazingthat they couldn’t wait have a try themselves.
(解析:All of them were so amazing.这是一个典型的主系表句,整个句子有一个连接词that, 有两个主谓结构即All of them were so amazing和they couldn’t wait have a trythemselves. 故整个句子是个复合句,修饰人amazing改为amazed, ed表示“感到…的”,后一个简单句they couldn’t wait have a trythemselves.中已经有谓语动词couldn’t wait,其他动词应使用非谓语结构,应改为:to have a try,所以全句改为:All of them were soamazed that they couldn’t wait tohave a try themselves.)
9.2什么是主谓双宾句?
主语+双宾谓语动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)
(1) I showed them whatto make tea.
(解析:I showed them.这个主谓宾句结构没有错,但“我给他们展示”意思不完整,所以再加一个不定式结构做宾语,使句子意思完整,指人them称为间接宾语,指物的what to make tea称为直接宾语;到底是what to make tea还是how to make tea主要看动词make后面有无宾语对象,如果有就用how to make tea这里how相当于一个方式状语,或者what to make这里what做make的宾语,故全句改为:I showed them howto make tea.)
(2) I would be glad if you could offer to mean opportunity for an interview.
(解析:这是if连接的两个简单句,后面的句子是典型的双宾语句,me是间接宾语,an opportunity for an interview是直接宾语,不需要加to, 故全句改为:I would be glad ifyou could offer mean opportunity for an interview.)
9.3什么是主谓宾宾补句?
We can hear birds singing happyall round.
(解析:We can hear birds有完整的主谓宾,但句子意思不完整,用singing happy all round补充说明宾语birds, 使句子意思完整,宾语后面的在语法称为宾语补足语,简称宾补,happy应改为happily,副词修饰动词,全句改为:We can hear birds singing happilyall round.)
总结:宾语补足语是补充说明宾语的,和宾语关系最密切,如singing happilyall round动作是由宾语birds做的,不是主语we做的,这是判断宾语补足语的重要依据。
10. 宾语补足语的类型有哪些?
10.1 名词
We made him themonitor of our class.
(解析: monitor和宾语联系密切,做宾补,monitor“班长”表职位,前面用零冠词,应改为:We made him monitor of our class.)
They thought this good advices.
(解析:名词advice做宾补,抽象名词,不可数,应改为:They thought this goodadvice.)
They elected him the chairmanof the committee.
(解析:chairman“主席”表职位,去掉冠词the, 改为:They elected him chairmanof the committee.)
10.2 形容词
You should keep your room clean and tidy.
We found the ruins very interested.
(解析:interested修饰宾语the ruins“废墟”,还是修饰主语we?修饰宾语,interested改为interesting, 全句改为:We found the ruins very interesting.
10.3 介词短语
We found himin the middle of the desert.
(解析:in the middle of the desert做宾语him的补足语)
10.4. 副词
I saw him out with his father.
(解析:副词out“在外面”做宾语补足语)
10.5 非谓语动词结构
I’m sorry to have you waitfor so long.
(解析:wait动作是主语做的还是宾语做的?显然是宾语you做的,是宾补,简单结构中,谓语动词之外的动词用非谓语形式,故wait改为waiting,因为它和逻辑主语you之间是主动关心,在时间上又和谓语几乎同时发生,全句改为:I’m sorry to have you waitingfor so long.)
I could feel the cold wind blowmy face.
(解析:同理,blow改为blowing, 全句改为:I could feel the cold wind blowingmy face.)
I had my watch repairyesterday.
(解析:repair如果是主语做的,应该是I had repaired my watch, 显然repair不是主语I做的,这样my watch就是repair的逻辑主语,my watch 和repair之间就是被动关系,用过去分词repaired非谓语结构表被动,全句改为:I had my watch repairedyesterday.)
When he wake up, he found himself tieto a tree.
(解析:同理,tie和逻辑主语himself之间也是被动关系,故改为:When he wake up, he found himself tiedto a tree.)
My mother allowed me playgames for a while.
(解析:play动作时间在allow之后发生,故改为:My mother allowed me toplaygames for a while.)
【思考】
I"m willing to devote some of my spare time to serve others.
(解析:serve others是主语做的,还是宾语做的?如何改?)
【练一练】