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五、 连 词
(一) 知识概要
连词是一种在句子与句子之间，短语之间以及名词等其他词语之间起连接作用的虚词，它不能单独作句子的成份。按其意义可分为并列连词和从属连词两大类。并 列连词连接的双方是对等的。常有的并列连词有and, both…and, either…or, neither…nor， not only…but also, as well as等。但如果连接的两部分意义不趋向一致，意义有转折的并列连词有：but, however, while (而)，only (只不过)。还有表示选择关系的并列连词，如：or, or else, otherwise… 再有的是连接双方，互为因果，或表示前因后果的连词有：for, so, therefore (因此)，then等。从属连词在初中范围内常常用来连接名词性从句，如：that, if, whether, 其次用来连接状语从句。其中有原因状语从句，常用的连接词有：when while, as, since, before, after, once, as soon as, until, till 连接条件状语的连词有：if, unless, as long as 等，而原因状语的连接词有because, since, as, now that (既然)。目的、结果、方式、比较、地点等状语从句的连接词有：so that, so…that, such…that, as…as, than, where… 它们在句子与文章中几乎无处不见。具体用法见下表。
连词用法一览表
种类 功用 例句
并列连词 连接具有并列关系的 词 He knows neither English nor French.
短语 Are you going by bus or on foot?
分句 Mary was a good girl, but she had one shortcoming.
从属连词 引导： 状语从句 I"ll do it as you told me.
You will be late unless you hurry.
连接代词和连接副词 主语从句 What he said proved true.
When we"ll start has not been decided yet.
表语从句 This is why he didn"t come yesterday.
That is where he lives.
宾语从句 The man asked me which I liked best.?
I can"t understand why she is so late.
关系代词和关系副词 定语从句 Nicotine is a drug that gets one into the habit of smoking.?
He came last night when I was out.
(二) 正误辨析
［误］ Both my parents are not here. They went to the concert just now.
［正］ Neither of my parents is here. They went to the concert just now.
［析］ 在英语中both一般用于肯定句中，如用于否定句中，其意义也不同于汉语，如：Both of us are not right. 在英语中应被理解为"我们俩不都对。"而Neither of us is right。 才能被理解为"我们俩无一正确"。
［误］ He or his parents has some tickets for the film.
［正］ He or his parents have some tickets for the film.
［析］ 由or 连接两主语时，谓语动词应与相临近的那一个主语保持一致。
［误］ You should study hard, and you won"t pass the exam.
［正］ You should study hard, or you won"t pass the exam.
［析］ or作为连词，这里的意思为"否则"。又如：Hurry up, or you"ll be late for school.
［误］ Though he is poor, but he is ready to help others.
［正］ Though he is poor, he is ready to help others.
［正］ He is poor, but he is ready to help others.
［析］ "虽然……但是"是中文中的常用结构，但在英文中用了"虽然"则不要用"但是"，用了"但是"则不能再用"虽然"，二者只可用其一。
［误］ Either you or I are on duty.
［正］ Either you or I am on duty.
［析］ either…or 连接两个主语时，其谓语动词与相临近的一个主语相呼应，这也叫作就近原则。类似的用法还有or, neither… nor, not only…but also等。
［误］ Tom is our English teacher and teaching English in our school now.
［正］ Tom is our English teacher and is teaching English in our school now.
［析］ 并列句中常常在后面的句子中作一些省略，以免重复，但不是所有词都可作任意的省略的。当你连接的是两个系动词时，后面的那个系动词不可省略，也就是讲连接的部分不可省略。
［误］ My father likes swimming and to collect stamps.
［正］ My father likes swimming and collecting stamps.
［析］ 由并列连词连接的两个部分要保持相等的语法结构。如是动名词则都用动名词，如用不定式则都应用不定式，这是初学者要注意的一点。
［误］ My father is reading a newspaper, I am doing my homework.
［正］ My father is reading a newspaper while I am doing my homework.
［析］ 两个并列句中间不可用逗号连接，要用并列连词来连接。
［误］ My father asked me that if I wanted to learn how to drive.
［正］ My father asked me if I wanted to learn how to drive.
［析］ 宾语从句的连接词只能有一个不能重复使用。
［误］ We will go both to Beijing and Shanghai.
［正］ We will go to both Beijing and Shanghai.
［析］ 用both…and…作连接词时，其相连接的部分结构也要相同。
［误］ Not only Mary but also her brothers is going to dance.
［正］ Not only Mary but also her brothers are going to dance.
［析］ 由not only… but also…连接两个主语时，其重点在其后面的那一个主语，所以谓语形式应采用就近原则。
［误］ The teacher as well as his students are coming.
［正］ The teacher as well as his students is coming.
［析］ 由as well as 连接两个主语时，谓语动词与as well as 后面的名词无关，而与前面的名词相一致。
［误］ Tom does not swim nor play football.
［正］ Tom does not swim or play football.
［析］ nor主要用于连接句子的对等连词，如在否定句中连接某一部分时要用or, 但要注意句子的含意，如：This animal does not like a cow or a horse. 这个动物既不像牛也不像马。This animal does not like a cow but a horse. 这个动物不像牛而像马。
［误］ For there is no light in the classroom. The students must have gone home.
［正］ The students must have gone home, for there is no light in the classroom.
［析］ 由for引出的原因状语从句在使用时要注意不能将该从句置于句 首，而应置于主句之后，并在主句与从句之间加一逗号。更要注意的是because, as, since与for 4个表示原因的连词中because是因果关系，是最强的一个，而for是最弱的一个。有些语法书中干脆把for叫做并列连词
［误］ My brother will pass the English exam is no question.
［正］ That my brother will pass the English exam is no question.
［析］ 主语从句的引导词that是不可省略的。这一点不要和宾语从句的引导词相提并论。
［误］ This map will show you how will you get to the hotel.
［正］ This map will show you how you will get to the hotel.
［析］ 名词性从句作宾语从句使用时，最重要的一点是要用陈述语句。特别要注意的是那些使用双宾语的动词，如：tell, ask, show…
［误］ While the clock struch ten, all the lights went out.
［正］ When the clock struck ten, all the lights went out.
［析］ while是强调两个动作在同时进行中，如：While I am doing myhomework, my father is reading a newspaper. 而这里的when是"正当某某时刻"，"就在这一时间点上"，其重点强调在某一特定时刻某动作的发生。
［误］ While I was walking along the street yesterday, I met an old friend.
［正］ When I was walking along the street yesterday, I met an old friend.
［析］ 这里用when表达在一个动作的进行中，另一个动作突然发生了。正在进行的动作用一进行时态，而突然发生的动作用一般时态。
［误］ While I heard the bad news I felt sad.
［正］ When I heard the bad news, I felt sad.
［析］ while不能表达一点儿的时间，即瞬时某一时间点。
［误］ After school some students play football, or others go to the library.
［正］ After school some students play football, while others go to the library.
［析］ while在此处意为"而，然而"。
［误］ She sang when she walked along the dark street.
［正］ She sang as she walked along the dark street.
［析］ as用于句中时，其要点是强调两个动作的同时进行。这里用when虽然不能讲是语法上的错误，但则看不出来小女孩因独自走黑暗的街道因害怕而唱歌的心情。
［误］ I finished my homework until twelve o"clock last night.
［正］ I didn"t finished my homework until twelve o"clock last night.
［正］ I did my homework until twelve o"clock last night.
［析］ until用在句中时其含义是某一动作一直持续到某时结束，那么句中的动词则一定要用持续性动词，如果要用瞬间，或截止性动词时一定要用否定句式。因截止 性动作的否定式应看作是持续性的动作。如离开leave是瞬间动作，因一出门即为离开了，而不离开则是长时间的。
［误］ I have studied English when I was twelve.
［正］ I have studied English since I was twelve.
［析］ since引出的时间状语从句是表达了一个时间点，而这个时间点是主句动作的启始点，所以主句一般要用完成时态。
［误］ Because he didn"t study hard, so he didn"t pass the exam.
［正］ He didn"t pass the exam because he didn"t study hard.
［析］ because 与 so在英文中两者不能并用的，只能在句中用其一。
［误］ He was such excited that he could not speak.
［正］ He was so excited that he could not speak.
［析］ so与such的用法可以分为四种情况，①用于单数可数名词之前，其格式是such+不定冠词+形容词+单数可数名词，如：It is such a beautiful book that every child likes it. 也可以用so, 其格式是so+形容词+不定冠词+单数可数名词，如：It was so beautiful a book that every child likes it. ②在不可数名词前或可数名词复数前这时只能用such, 如：It is such good weather that we want to swim. 又如：They are such good students that they can pass the exam easily. ③在few, little， much, many 这4个字前只能用so而不能用such, 如：I have so much money that I can buy everything I want. ④当that前只有形容词或副词时，这时只能用so, 如：She is so beautiful that every one likes her. He ran so fast that I couldn"t keep up with him.
［误］ He got up earlier this morning so as to that he could catch the first bus.
［正］ He got up earlier this morning so as to catch the first bus.
［正］ He got up so earlier that he could catch the first bus.
［析］ so…that与so that的用法有相同之处，那就是其后接从句，而so as to 其后要接不定式，即动词原形。这样的词组还有：in order to。
［误］ I want to buy same stamp that you have.
［正］ I want to buy the same stamp as you have.
［析］ the same…as (that)这是个固定用法，在same前的定冠词是不能少的。而the same…that意为"我要的就是那一个"。而the same…as为"要的是和……一样的东西"。
［误］ Before I do not give you the answer, I"ll ask you some questions.
［正］ Before I give you the answer, I"ll ask you some questions.
［析］ 这种错误是由于受中文的影响。在中文中可以讲"我没给你答案前"。而英文用了before就不要再用否定句了。
(三) 例题解析
1? We bought Granny a present, ＿＿＿ she didn"t like it.?
A. but B. and
C. or D. so
［答案］ A.
［析］ 由于句意的原因，应选择转折连词。
2? Run quickly, ＿＿＿ we"ll miss the early train.?
A. and B. but
C. so D. or
［答案］ D.
［析］ or这里应译为：否则。
3? I"ll give the book to him ＿＿＿ he comes back.?
A. since B. as soon as
C. before D. until
［答案］ B.
［析］ as soon as 引出的时间状语从句应用一般现在时表示将来要发生的动作。
4? Don"t cross the road ＿＿＿ the light turns green.?
A. when B. while
C. until D. as
［答案］ C.
［析］ until应译为"直到……才"，因为前面的祈使句为否定句。又如：She did not go to bed until her mother came back. 应译为"直到她妈妈回来她才睡觉"。
5? Miss Gao has been a teacher ＿＿＿ 1990.?
A. before B. after
C. since D. in
［答案］ C.
［析］ 因为主句为完成时，所以应用 since表示该动作的启始点。
6? - Which would you like better, tea ＿＿＿ milk??
- Tea, please.?
A. but B. and
C. or D. with
［答案］ C.
［析］ 在疑问句与否定句中应用or来表示一种选择。
7? We love spring ＿＿＿ there"s beautiful flowers every where.?
A. though B. but
C. or D. because
［答案］ D.
［析］ 因为这里表示的是因果关系。
8? Please leave ＿＿＿ 7∶００, then you"ll be able to get ＿＿＿ there earlier.?
A. till, in B. from, /
C. before, / D. behind, to
［答案］ C.
［析］ before为在７∶００之前离开。
9? The teacher didn"t begin the lesson ＿＿＿ all the students stopped talking.?
A. until B. after
C. if D. because
［答案］ A.
［析］ 这句应译为"直到所有的学生都停止讲话老师才开始上课"。因begin为瞬间动词，所以应用否定句。
10? Betty didn"t go to see the film yesterday ＿＿＿ she was ill.?
A. but B. until
C. if D. because
［答案］ D.
［析］ 这里是表示因果关系，所以应用because。因为她病了所以未去看电影。
11? You must start right now, ＿＿＿ you"ll miss the train.?
A. for B. and
C. so D. or
［答案］ D.
［析］ or译为"否则"。本句句意为：你必须马上走了，否则要赶不上火车了。
12? ＿＿＿ he is a child of six, he can read and write.?
A. Whose B. If
C. Though D. Because
［答案］ C.
［析］ 这种状语从句在英语中称为让步状语从句，应译为：虽然他才是个6岁的孩子，他却可以读书和写字。
13? I like fish, ＿＿＿ chicken, ＿＿＿ eggs.?
A. and, and B. and, with
C. /, and D. and, /
［答案］ C.
［析］ 在有若干个名词或动词出现时，每一个词之间只用逗号连接，只在最后两个词之间加and。如：The old man passed the street, went into a shop and bought some food。
14? Take this dictionary with you ＿＿＿ you may use it in class.?
A. when B. in order to
C. but D. so that
［答案］ D.
［析］ so that应译为"为的是"。本句句义为：带上字典，为的是在上课时可能有用。而in order to 其后应接动词不定式，如：Take this dictionary with you in order to use it in class。
15? I hope ＿＿＿ will be fine tomorrow.?
A. it B. what
C. whether D. when
［答案］ A.
［析］ hope后接的是宾语从句，而且宾语从句中少主语，应用it来代替天气。
16? ＿＿＿ she was not well, I decided to go without her.?
A. Though B. As
C. When D. Because of
［答案］ B.
［析］ as这里应译为"由于"。全句意为：由于她不舒服，我决定不带她去了。而because of 其后不能接从句只能接宾语。如： Because of the heavy rain, we decided not to go。
17? My aunt bought me ＿＿＿ many story books that I spent a lot of time them.?
A. such…on B. such…in
C. too…in D? so…on
［答案］ D.
［析］ 因many前只能用so来修饰，所以只能选择D选项。而spend…on something 为在某事上花费时间或钱。如：She spent a lot of money on her clothes。
18? Mother was cooking ＿＿＿ she ＿＿＿ a knock at the door.?
A. when, listen to B. while, listened to?
C. while, heard D. when, heard
［答案］ D.
［析］ when在这里应译为：就在那时，那一刻，那一瞬间。
19? Speak slowly, ＿＿＿ we can understand you.?
A. and B. or
C. if D. because
［答案］ A.
［析］ and这里是并列连词，应译为：请讲慢些这样我们就会明白你的意思。
20? You"ll learn English well ＿＿＿ you put your heart into it.?
A. if B. so
C. until D. or
［答案］ A.
［析］ 本句译为：如果你将心放在学习上，你就会将英语学好。这里的语法现象是从句中用一般现在时表示将来。
21? I won"t let you in ＿＿＿ you show me your pass.?
A. until B. for
C. since D. because
［答案］ A.
22? She didn"t go to school ＿＿＿ she was ill.?
A. why B. because
C. where D. but
［答案］ B.
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