友情提示：本文共有 22611 个字，阅读大概需要 46 分钟。
一、词汇
physiology /fzildi/ n. 生理学；生理机能
He was awarded the Nobel Prize for achievements in physiology.
他因生理学方面的建树而被授予诺贝尔奖。
artemisinin /ɑt"misnn/ n. [药]青蒿素
Artemisinin is also a promising potent drug in the treatment of cancer.
青蒿素还是一种有前途的有效药物，可用于治疗癌症。
crucial /krul/ adj. 至关重要的；关键性的
The next few weeks are going to be crucial.
今后几个星期是关键。
malaria /mleri/ n. 疟疾
Malaria is endemic in many hot countries.
疟疾是许多气候炎热国家的流行病。
vital /"vatl/ adj. 必不可少的；极其重要的；充 满生机的
Reading is of vital importance in language learning.
阅读在语言学习中至关重要。
committed /kmtd/ adj. 尽心尽力的；坚定的；坚信的
They are committed socialists.
他们是坚定的社会主义者。
commit /kmt/ vt. 承诺；保证(某个人、机构等)
vi. 忠于；全心全意投入(工作、活动等)
The President is committed to reforming health care. 总统承诺要改革卫生保健制度。
academy /kdmi/ n. (艺术、文学、科学等的)研究院；学会；专科院校
He is an English teacher at the Seattle Academy for Arts and Sciences.
他是西雅图文理学院的一名英语老师。
academic /kdemk/ adj. 学业的；学术的
The students return in October for the start of the new academic year.
学生于十月返校，开始新学年的学习。
objective /bdektv/ n. 目标；目的 adj. 客观的
You must set realistic aims and objectives
for yourself.
你必须给自己确定切实可行的目的和目标。
botanical /btnkl/ adj. 植物学的
The area is of great botanical interest.
该地区很有植物学研究价值。
evaluate /vljuet/ vt. 评价；评估
The market situation is difficult to evaluate.
市场形势难以评估。
property /prpti/ n. 性质；特征；财产
This building is government property.
这座大楼是政府的财产。
distinct /dstkt/ adj. 清晰的；清楚的；有区别的
His voice was quiet but every word was distinct.
他说话声音不大，但字字清晰。
extract /ekstrkt/ n. 提取物；摘录
/kstrkt/ vt. 提取；提炼；摘录； (用力)拔出
The following extract is taken from her new novel.
下面一段摘自她的新小说。
boil /bl/ vt. & vi. (使)沸腾；煮开；烧开
n. 沸腾；沸点
Boil plenty of salted water, then add the spaghetti.
把足量的盐水烧开，再放入意大利面条。
liquid /lkwd/ n. 液体 adj. 液体的；液态的
She poured the dark brown liquid down the sink.
她把深棕色的液体倒进了污水池。
obtain /bten/ vt. (尤指经努力)获得；赢得
vi. (规章、习俗等)存在；流行
I finally managed to obtain a copy of the report.
我终于设法弄到了这份报告的一个副本。
acknowledge /knld/ vt. 承认(属实、权威等)； (公开)感谢
She refuses to acknowledge the need for reform.
她拒不承认改革的必要性。
defeat /dfit/ n. 失败；挫败 v. 击败；战胜
The party faces defeat in the election.
这个党面临选举失败。
analyse (NAmE-ze) /nlaz/ vt. 分析
He tried to analyse his feelings.
他试图分析自己的感情。
apparently /prntli/ adv. 显而易见；看来；显然
He paused, apparently lost in thought.
他停顿下来，显然陷入了沉思。
substance /sbstns/ n. 物质；物品；事实根据
There is some substance in what he says.
他的话是有一定根据的。
insist /nsst/ vi. & vt. 坚持；坚决要求
I didn"t really want to go but he insisted.
我并不真的想去，但他硬要我去。
scientific /santfk/ adj. 科学(上)的；关于科学的
He took a very scientific approach to management.
他采取了一种非常科学的管理方法。
mostly /mstli/ adv. 主要地；一般地
We"re mostly out on Sundays.
我们星期天一般不在家。
conclusion /knklun/ n. 结论；推论
We can safely draw some conclusions from our discussion.
从讨论中我们可以有把握地得出一些结论。
penicillin /pensln/ n. 青霉素；盘尼西林
Penicillin cured him of pneumonia.
青霉素治好了他的肺炎。
flee /fli/ vi. & vt. (fled, fled )迅速离开；逃跑
For an instant, Barney was tempted to flee.
那一瞬间，巴尼很想逃走。
circumstance /skmstns/ n.[usually pl.]条件；环境；状况
I know I can trust her in any circumstance.
我知道我在任何情况下都能信任她。
novelist /nvlst/ n. 小说家
Helen is a very well-known novelist in
Australia.
海伦是澳大利亚著名的小说家。
novel /nvl/ n. (长篇)小说
adj. 新奇的；异常的
Her latest novel is eagerly awaited.
人们正急切地期待着她的最新小说。
flow /fl/ n. 流；流动；流畅；供应
vi. 流；流动
She tried to stop the flow of blood from the wound.
她试图止住伤口流血。
chart /tɑt/ n. 图表 vt.记录；制订计划,
Each colour on the chart represents a
different department.
图表中的每一种颜色都代表一个不同的部门。
found /fand/ vt. 创建；建立；把……建立在
Her family founded the college in 1895.
她的家族于1895年创办了这所学院。
infer /nf/ vt. 推断；推定
Much of the meaning must be inferred from the context.
大部分含意必须从上下文中推断。
politician /pltn/ n. 从政者；政治家；政客
They have arrested a number of leading opposition politicians.
他们已经逮捕了一些主要的反对党政治家。
numerous /njumrs/ adj. 众多的；许多的
The advantages of this system are too numerous to mention.
这套系统的好处不胜枚举。
theory /θri/ n. 理论；学说
He taught us music theory.
他教我们乐理。
relativity /reltvti/ n. 相对论；相对性
Einstein"s theory of relativity won for him
universal esteem.
爱因斯坦的相对论赢得了全世界对他的崇敬。
formula /fmjl/ n. 公式；方程式；配方
This formula is used to calculate the area
of a circle.
这个公式用于计算圆的面积。
genius /dinis/ n. (pl. geniuses)天才；天资；天赋
He"s a genius at organizing people.
他是人员组织方面的天才。
gentle /dentl/ adj. 温柔的；文静的
He was a very gentle boy at heart.
他实际上是一个非常温和的男孩。
patent /"pt()nt; "pet()nt/
n.专利；专利证书；获得专利
adj. 有专利的；受专利保护的
The device was protected by patent.
这一装置受专利保护。
passion /pn/ n. 酷爱；激情
The English have a passion for gardens.
英国人酷爱花园。
doctorate /dktrt/ n. 博士学位
She"s studying for her doctorate.
她正在攻读博士学位。
extraordinary /kstrdnri/ adj. 不一般的；非凡的；意想不到的
She was a truly extraordinary woman.
她是位非常杰出的女性。
gradually /ɡrduli/ adv. 逐渐地；逐步地
The weather gradually improved.
天气逐渐好转。
institution /nsttjun/ n. 社会公共机构；制度；习俗
I believe in the institution of marriage.
我相信婚姻制度。
institute /nsttjut/ n. (教育、专业等)机构；机构建筑
Mr. Lin is associate director of the Institute. 林先生是该研究所的副主任。
consequence /knskwns/ n. 后果，结果
This is a necessary consequence of progress.
这是发展的必然后果。
moustache (especially US mustache /mst; mstɑ/ n. 上唇的胡子；髭
He has decided to grow a beard and a moustache.
他已经决定留起络腮胡子和髭。
peculiarity /pkjulirti/ n.个性；特点；怪异的性质
Joe"s other peculiarity was that he was constantly munching hard sweets.
乔的另一个怪癖是他不停地嚼硬糖。
encounter /nkant/ vt. 偶然碰到；遇到 n. 邂逅；遭遇
We encountered a number of difficulties in the first week.
我们在第一周遇到了一些困难。
professor /prfes/ n. 教授
He"s the son of an Oxford professor.
他是牛津大学一位教授的儿子。
mourn /mn/ vt. & vi. 哀悼；忧伤:
He was still mourning his brother"s death.
他仍然在为哥哥的去世而悲伤。
remarkable /rmɑkbl/ adj. 非凡的；显著的
She has a remarkable inner strength.
她有非凡的意志力。
device /dvas/ n. 方法；技巧；装置；仪器
Sending advertising by email is very successful as a marketing device.
作为一种营销手段，用电子邮件发送广告是非常成功的。
sum /sm/ vi. 总结；概括
n. 金额；款项；总数；总和
You will be fined the sum of ￡200.
你将被罚款200英镑。
draft /drɑft/ n. 草稿；草案 vt. 起草；草拟
This is only the first draft of my speech.
这只是我演讲的初稿。
二、句型：
1. Pay attention to the descriptive words in a passage.
注意文章中的描述性词语。
pay attention to 注意；重视
In doing our work, we must pay attention to ways and means.
做工作应注意方式方法。
descriptive adj. 描写的，叙述的；描写性的
※ describe v. → descriptive adj.
2. This year’s Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Tu Youyou (co-winner), whose research led to the discovery of artemisinin, a crucial new treatment for malaria.
今年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予了屠呦呦(共同获奖者)，她的研究发现了青蒿素，这是一种治疗疟疾的重要的新型药物。
(1)be awarded to 被授予(某人)
主动形式为：award sb. sth. 授予某人某物
The first prize was awarded to the youngest competitor.
一等奖授给了最年轻的比赛者。
(2)lead to 导致；通向
Technological changes will inevitably lead to
unemployment. 技术变革必然会导致失业。
(3)whose引导非限制性定语从句，对Tu Youyou起补充说明的作用。
(4) a crucial new treatment... 是artemisinin的同位语。
3. Over 200 million people around the world get malaria each year, and about 600,000 die from it.
全世界每年有两亿多人感染疟疾，约60万人死于疟疾。
die from 死于；因……而死
Forty-thousand children a day die from preventable diseases.
每天有4万个孩子死于本可以预防的疾病。
4. Artemisinin has become a vital part of the treatment for malaria, and is thought to save 100, 000 lives a year in Africa alone.
青蒿素已成为治疗疟疾的重要组成部分。据认为，仅在非洲每年就能挽救10万人的生命。
be thought to do/be... 被认为……
The fire is thought to have started in an upstairs room.
火灾被认为是从楼上的一个房间里开始燃起的。
5. Tu Youyou … graduated from Peking University Medical School in 1955. 屠呦呦……1955年毕业于北京大学医学院(今北京大学医学部)。
graduate from 从……毕业
When the boys graduated from high school, Ann moved to a small town.
当儿子们高中毕业后，安搬到一个小镇上居住。
graduate in 毕业于……专业
She graduated in English and Drama from Manchester University.
她毕业于曼彻斯特大学的英语和戏剧专业。
6. One medical text from the fourth century suggested using the extract from sweet wormwood to treat a fever.
一本四世纪的医药文献推荐使用甜艾草提取物来治疗发烧。
suggest doing 建议做……
I suggested going in my car.
我提议坐我的车去。
此处动词-ing形式作动词的宾语。常接-ing形式作宾语的动词有avoid, miss, advise, finish, practise, enjoy, escape, risk, mind, stand, imagine等。
If you think that treating a kid well means always giving him what he wants, you are totally wrong.
你如果认为善待一个孩子意味着总是给他想要的，那你就大错特错了。
mean doing 意味着做……，mean to do打算做……
7. They then tried boiling fresh wormwood, and using the liquid obtained from this to treat malaria, but this did not work either.
然后，他们尝试把新鲜的艾草煮开，并使用从中提取的液体治疗疟疾，但这也不起作用。
try doing 尝试做……
John isn"t here. Try phoning his home number.
约翰不在这儿。给他家里打电话试试看。
boil /boil/ vt. & vi. (使)沸腾；煮开；烧开n. 沸腾；沸点
the boiling water 沸水
the boiled water 开水
8. Using a lower temperature to draw out the extract, she found a substance that worked.
通过使用较低的温度获取提取物，她发现了种有效的物质。
现在分词短语作方式状语
现在分词(短语)作时间、原因、条件状语时，通常位于句首；作结果、方式、伴随状语时，通常位于句末，该非谓语动词和句子主语之间为主动关系。
Working as a volunteer teacher in the west, the girl took up growing vegetables.
在西部地区当志愿老师时，这个女孩对种菜产生了兴趣。(时间状语)
Seeing that his wife was going off to sleep, he switched off the TV.
看到他的妻子要离开去睡觉，他关掉了电视。(原因状语)
She tried a new diet, reducing her weight.
她尝试了一种新的食谱，结果减肥了。(结果状语)
He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time.
他躺在草地上，盯着天空看了很长时间。(伴随状语)
9. Upon hearing that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize, she said, “The honour is not just mine…”
当听到自己被授予诺贝尔奖时，她说：“这个荣誉不仅仅属于我……”
on/upon + n./v. -ing短语，表示“一……就……”，作时间状语。
“一……就……”的其他表达法:
as soon as “一……就……”(引导时间状语从句)
at the sight/sound of... 看见/听见……
the moment/minute/instant/second (名词用作连词)+句子
immediately/instantly/directly (副词用作连词)+句子…
10. Their project got stuck. 他们的计划陷入了困境。
get stuck 陷入困境，被卡在……
They will be there to help if you get stuck.
如果你遇到难题的话他们会帮助你。
11. She analysed the medical texts again, and by chance, she found one sentence suggesting a different way to treat the wormwood.
她再次分析了医学文献，偶然发现一句话，建议用一种不同的方法去处理艾草。
by chance 偶然；意外地
I met her by chance on the street.
我恰巧在街上遇到了她。
suggesting a different way to…… 是现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰one sentence。
12. Tu Youyou and her team members even insisted on testing the medicine on themselves to make sure that it was safe. 屠呦呦和她的团队成员甚至坚持在自己身上测试药物，以确保它是安全的。
insist on 坚决要求
If you insist on leaving now, please go ahead.
你一定要走，那就请便吧。
13. According to Tu Youyou, the discovery of artemisinin was a team effort. 屠呦呦说，青蒿素的发现是一个团队的共同努力。
according to 根据,按照；取决于；据……所说
According to Mick, it"s a great movie.
据米克说，这是一部了不起的电影。
14. It is indeed an honour for China’s scientific research and Chinese medicine to be spread around the world.
中国的科学研究和中医药能够走向世界，确实是一种荣誉。
句式: It is/was + adj./n. + for sb. +to do sth. “对某人来说，做某事是……”。其中it是形式主语，不定式短语是真正主语，for sb.引出不定式短语的逻辑主语。
这里honour与冠词an连用，是抽象名词具体化的用法。表示情感、情绪的词，强调具体的人或事时常将其具体化使用。常用的重点抽象名词如下:
a surprise 令人吃惊的事;
a pleasure 一件乐事，一个乐趣;
an honour 荣幸，引起尊敬的人或事物;
a pity 一件遗憾的事;
a pride 令人骄做的人或事;
a comfort 令人安慰的人或事;
a danger 可能引起危险的人或物;
a help 帮手，起帮助作用的物;
a success 成功的人或事……
15. relating to plants 与植物有关的
relate to 涉及，有关
All these questions relate to philosophy.
这些问题都跟哲学有关。
be related to 与……有关
Light industry is closely related to
agriculture. 轻工业和农业密切相关。
16. a kind of substance that flows freely, such as water or milk 一种可以自由流动的物质，如水或牛奶
such as 比如；诸如
Trees such as spruce, pine and oak have been planted.
种植了云杉、松树和橡树等树木。
辨析:
I like drinks such as tea and soda.
我喜欢诸如茶和汽水之类的饮料。
Not only rich men became presidents. For example, Lincoln was born poor.
并不是只有富人才能成为总统，例如，林肯就出身贫寒。
17. remove or take out, often with great effort移开或取出，通常需要很大的努力
with great effort 吃力地；经过巨大的努力
She took a deep breath and sat up slowly with great effort.
她深吸一口气，费力地慢慢坐起身来。
18. The two flowers are quite distinct from one another… 这两种花完全不同……
be distinct from 与……不同
Engineering and technology are
disciplines distinct from one another.
工程学和工艺学互不相同。
19. Scientists need to value how the new material stands up to wear and tear to prove how valuable it is. 科学家需要评估这种新材料的耐磨性，以证明它的价值。
stand up to 经得住(检验等)
Is this building going to stand up to the
strongest gales?
这座楼能经得住最强劲的大风吗？
wear and tear (正常使用造成的)磨损；损耗
The truck shows scarcely any sign of
wear and tear. 这辆卡车基本上没有什么磨损。
20. Lu Xun, acknowledged as one of the greatest modern writers in China, was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province in 1881. 鲁迅被公认为中国最伟大的现代作家之一，1881年生于浙江绍兴。
(be) acknowledged as/to be 被认作是……，被公认为……
He is also acknowledged as an excellent goalkeeper.
他也被公认为是一名出色的守门员。
21. However, he changed his mind when he saw in a photo a Chinese man about to be killed by a Japanese soldier. 然而，当他在照片中看到一名中国男子即将被一名日本士兵杀害时，他改变了主意。
change one"s mind 改变某人想法
I was going to vote for him, but I changed my mind and voted for Reagan.
我原本准备投他的票，后来却改变了主意，把票投给了里根。
(be) about to do 即将/刚要/正打算做……
The plane is about to take off.
飞机就要起飞了。
22. It struck him that the other Chinese men in the photo apparently did not care about what was happening to their fellow countrymen. 令他震惊的是，照片中的其他中国男子显然并不关心他们的同胞发生了什么。
It strikes sb. that... 某人突然想到……
“某人(突然)想到……”的表达方式:
Sth. occurs to sb. = Sth. hits sb. = Sth. strikes sb.
It occurs to sb. that/疑问词… = It hits sb. that/疑问词… = It strikes sb. that/疑问词...
An awful thought has just occurred to/hit/struck me.
刚才我脑子里突然闪过一个可怕的念头。
It suddenly occurred to/hit/struck me how we could improve the situation.
我一下子明白我们如何能改善局面了。
care about 担心，关心
Students here don"t know or care about
campus issues.
这儿的学生既不了解也不关心校园问题。
23. Following this, he quit medical school. 之后，他从医学院退学。
quit school 退学，休学
She quit school as soon as she had taken her GCSEs.
她一拿到普通中等教育证书后就没再上学了。
24. In 1917, a friend insisted that he help write for a magazine called New Youth. 1917年，一位朋友坚持要他帮忙为一本叫做《新青年》的杂志写文章。
insist表示“坚决主张；坚持要求”，后接that从句时，从句谓语多为should型的虚拟语气，即：主语+should (可省略)+动词原形。再如:
He insisted that we (should) accept these gifts. 他一定要我们收下这些礼物。
但表示“坚持说；坚决认为(多与别人的观点不同)”，后接that从句时(从句的动作多为已发生之事)，从句使用陈述语气。如:
She insisted that he was wrong.
她坚持认为他错了。
25. Later, the medicine was tested on malaria patients, most of whom recovered. 后来，这种药物在疟疾患者身上进行了试验，大部分患者都康复了。
most of whom引导非限制性定语从句，对先行词malaria patients起补充和说明的作用。这是一种“名词/数词/代词+of+关系代词”引导的定语从句。
26. We were very impressed by the old man. He was not willing to acknowledge defeat. 那位老人给我们留下了深刻的印象。他不愿意承认失败。
be impressed by 被……所感动；对……印象深刻
We were very impressed by your handling of
this affair. 你经手处理这问题的方法给我们留下了深刻的印象。
be not willing to do sth. 不愿意做某事
If you"re not willing to help me, I"ll find
somebody who will.
如果你不愿意帮我，我会去找别人。
27. Hitler was in power there. 希特勒在那里掌权。
in power 掌权；当权；执政
The military regime in power was
unpopular and repressive.
当权的军政府压制人民，不得人心。
come to power 当权；上台；掌权；执政When the government had come to
power, he had been named minister of
culture. 这届政府开始执政的时候，他被任命为文化部部长。
28. Her circumstances are beyond our control. 她的情况我们无法控制。
beyond control 无法控制
The children were beyond control.
这些孩子不听管束。
29. The building under construction was designed by I.M. Pei—a famous Chinese-American architect. 正在建造的大楼是由著名的美籍华裔建筑师贝聿铭设计的。
under construction 在建造中；正在施工之中
The new railway is under construction.
新铁路正在修筑之中。
be designed by 由……设计The car was designed by computer.
这款车是由电脑设计的。
30. founded high-tech and futuristic companies 创立了高科技和未来派的公司
found /fand/ vt. 创建；建立；把……建立在The town was founded in 1610.
这个镇建于1610年。
founder n. 创立者，创办者，创建者
发现: find-found-found
建立: found-founded-founded
31. What is the real reason Anna admires the famous people, and what examples does she give? 安娜崇拜名人的真正原因是什么? 她举了哪些例子?
先行词是reason，定语从句缺状语时，定语从句一般要由关系副词why引导。
先行词是time, place, reason等，且定语从句缺状语时，定语从句除了要分别由关系副词when, where, why引导之外，还可以由that引导，此时句中的that视为关系副词且经常被省略。该句就是省略了关系副词that的定语从句。
32. Albert Einstein, who is perhaps the greatest scientist in modern physics, is often considered one of the smartest men who ever lived. 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦，也许是现代物理学中最伟大的科学家，通常被认为是有史以来最聪明的人之一。
be considered (to be/as) + adj./n. 被认为是……
The agreement will be considered null and void. 该协议将被视作无效。
33. He made numerous contributions to the world, the most well-known being the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E=mc. 他对世界做出了许多贡献最著名的是广义相对论和著名的公式E=mc。
这是独立主格结构。独立主格结构的基本格式是“名词(代词)+形容词/副词/介词短语/现在分词/过去分词/不定式等”。本句中the most well-known相当于名词短语的功能，后接现在分词。
34. …he tried to enter university in Switzerland, but failed due to his low scores in the general part of the entrance exam… ……他曾试图考入瑞士的大学，但由于入学考试的综合部分成绩较低，他未能如愿……
due to 由于；应归于
The train had stopped due to a
mechanical problem.
火车因为机械故障停了下来。
35. After studying for another year, he managed to pass the exam, entering university in 1896 and graduating in 1900. 又经过一年的学习之后，他终于通过了考试，1896年进入大学，1900年毕业。
manage to do sth. 设法完成某事
We manage to get most of our produce in Britain.
我们设法在英国搞到我们所需的大部分农产品。
36. While working there, out of a strong passion for knowledge, he continued to study, earning a doctorate in physics in 1905. 在那里工作期间，出于对知识的强烈热情，他继续深造，并于1905年获得了物理学博士学位。
passion /pn/ n. 酷爱；激情 passion for 对……的强烈爱好
She had a passion for gardening
她酷爱园艺。
out of a passion for 出于对……的热情
37. Following this, he gradually became famous throughout the world as the new Isaac Newton. 此后，他逐渐以新的艾萨克·牛顿而闻名于世。
become famous as 作为……而变得出名
Later he was to become famous as a
pacifist.
后来他就变成了一位知名的和平主义者。
38. As a consequence, he had to flee Germany. 结果，他不得不逃离德国。
as a consequence/result 结果
In this changing business environment, different demands are being placed on employees. As a consequence, the
education system needs to change.
在当今变幻莫测的商业环境下，员工被提出各种不同的要求。因此，教育体系有必要随之改变。
39. After spending time in Europe, he finally took up a position as a researcher at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, USA. 在欧洲待了一段时间后，他终于在美国普林斯顿高等研究院找到一份研究员的工作。
take up a position as 担任……的职位
He left a career in teaching to take up a
position with the Arts Council.
他辞去教学工作到艺术委员会任职。
40. To the public, he was seen as a slightly odd-looking but kind and funny man. 在公众看来，他是一个外表略显古怪但又和蔼可亲、风趣幽默的人。
be seen as 被看作；被视为
He was not seen as a risk to national
security.
人们不认为他是威胁国家安全的危险分子。
41. He had a thick moustache and long white hair, which sometimes stood on end as though he had just received an electric shock. 他留着浓密的小胡子和长长的白发,有时白发挺立就好像刚遭了电击。
on end 竖着；连续地
as though (= as if)好像；仿佛
which引导非限制性定语从句，对long white hair进行补充和说明。同时从句中又含有as though引导的方式状语从句。
as if/though从句用陈述语气：
从句表示的情况是真实的或极有可能发生的
as if/though从句用虚拟语气:
①从句用一般过去时(与现在的事实相反)
②从句用过去完成时(与过去的事实相反)
③从句用would /could/might do形式(与将来的事实相反)
42. Although he was a genius, he sometimes forgot things, like his friends’ birthdays.虽然他是个天才，但他有时会忘记一些事情，比如朋友的生日。
although引导让步状语从句，although (though)不和连词but连用，但可以和yet, still等副词连用。
Although I was only six, I can remember seeing it on TV. 虽然那时我只有6岁，我依然记得在电视上见过它。
43. There is even a story about how he helped a little girl who knocked on his door and asked for help with her homework. 甚至还有一个故事，讲的是他如何帮助一个小女孩，这个女孩敲了他的门，要求帮助她做家庭作业。
knock on 敲击(门、窗)；撞击
He went up the garden path to knock on
the door. 他穿过花园小径去敲门。
ask for help 寻求帮助；求助；请求帮助
Mr Spero was reluctant to ask for help.
斯佩罗先生不愿意寻求帮助。
44. Always I am mistaken for Professor Einstein! 我总是被误认为是爱因斯坦教授!
be mistaken for 被误认为……；被误解为……
When hay fever first occurs it is often
mistaken for a summer cold.
花粉病初期常被误认为是风热感冒。
45. On 18 April 1955, it was reported that Einstein had passed away, and the whole world mourned the great loss of a brilliant scientist. 1955年4月18日，据报道爱因斯坦去世了，全世界都为这位杰出科学家的逝世而哀悼。
it was reported that 据报道
Yesterday it was reported that a number of
people had been arrested in the capital.
昨天据报道有很多人在首都被捕。
pass away 去世
He unfortunately passed away last year.
他去年不幸逝世。
46. Does the writer sum up how he/she feels about this person? 作者是否总结了他/她对这个人的感受?
sum up 总结；概括
Will you please sum up the main ideas of this article?
请把这篇文章的大意归纳一下好吗？
to sum up 总之；概括地说
47. Under no circumstances should we do terrible things to other people. 在任何情况下我们都不应该对别人做可怕的事情。
under no circumstances意为“决不”，置于句首时句子用部分倒装语序。
否定副词位于句首时的倒装
(1) 在正式文体中，never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, no sooner, no longer, nowhere等含有否定意义的副词若位于句首，则其后要用部分倒装:
Seldom does he go out for dinner.
他很少出去吃饭。
(2) 某些起副词作用的介词短语，如in no way/on no account/under (in) no circumstances等由于含有否定词，若位于句首，其后要用部分倒装:
On no account must this switch be touched. 这个开关是绝不能触摸的。
In/Under no circumstances will I lend money to him. 无论如何我也不会借钱给他。
但是，in no time (立即，马上)位于句首时，其后无需用倒装语序:
In no time he worked out the problem.
他马上就算出了那道题。
48. Did this unit cause you to change your thoughts about greatness? If so, how? 本单元让你改变了对“伟大”的看法吗？如果是，是如何改变的?
if so 如果是这样的话；要是这样
Do you have a knack for coming up with ideas? If so, we would love to hear from you.
你有什么能想出好点子的诀窍吗？如果有，我们很愿意收到你的来信。
49. Will what you have learnt in this unit inspire you to improve yourself?
你在本单元学到的东西会激励你提高自己吗?
inspire sb. to do sth. 激励某人做某事
By visiting schools, the actors hope to inspire children to put on their own productions.
演员希望通过访问学校鼓励孩子们演出自己的作品。
三、语法
(1)现在分词短语作方式状语
通常位于句首：现在分词(短语)作时间、原因、条件状语时；作结果、方式、伴随状语时，通常位于句末，该非谓语动词和句子主语之间为主动关系。
You gave me such a fright creeping up on me like that! 你那样不声不响地过来，吓了我一跳。
You gave me (quite) a fright suddenly coming in here like that. 你那样突然走到这里，真吓了我一大跳。
My flight was delayed, so I killed time / killed two hours reading a book. 我那趟班机误点了，我只好看书消磨时间[打发了两小时]。
(2)抽象名词具体化的用法。
抽象名词与a/an连用时,表示情感、情绪的词，强调具体的人或事时常将其具体化使用。如:
令人吃惊的事a surprise ;
一件乐事，一个乐趣a pleasure ;
荣幸，引起尊敬的人或事物an honour ;
一件遗憾的事a pity ;
令人骄做的人或事a pride ;
令人安慰的人或事a comfort ;
可能引起危险的人或物a danger ;
帮手，起帮助作用的物a help ;
成功的人或事a success
(3) It is/was + adj./n. + for sb. +to do sth.
“对某人来说，做某事是……”。其中it是形式主语，不定式短语是真正主语，for sb.引出不定式短语的逻辑主语。
(4) insist表示“坚决主张；坚持要求”，后接that从句时，从句谓语多为should型的虚拟语气，即：主语+should (可省略)+动词原形。
但表示“坚持说；坚决认为(多与别人的观点不同)”，后接that从句时(从句的动作多为已发生之事)，从句使用陈述语气。
(5)独立主格结构。独立主格结构的基本格式是“名词(代词)+形容词/副词/介词短语/现在分词/过去分词/不定式等”。
(6)as though引导的方式状语从句：
as if/though从句用陈述语气：
这里从句表示的情况是 真实的或极有可能发生的
as if/though从句用虚拟语气:
①从句用一般过去时(与现在的事实相反)
②从句用过去完成时(与过去的事实相反)
③从句用would /could/might do形式(与将来的事实相反)
(7)although引导让步状语从句，although (though)不和连词but连用，但可以和yet, still等副词连用。
(8)under no circumstances意为“决不”，置于句首时句子用部分倒装语序。
否定副词位于句首时的倒装：
①在正式文体中, never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, no sooner, no longer, nowhere等含有否定意义的副词若位于句首，则其后要用部分倒装；
②某些起副词作用的介词短语，如in no way/on no account/under (in) no circumstances等由于含有否定词，若位于句首，其后要用部分倒装；
但是，in no time (立即，马上)位于句首时，其后无需用倒装语序。
(9)非限制性定语从句
功能：补充说明先行词或整个主句
形式：与主句用逗号隔开
意义：去掉从句后主句意思仍完整
译法：从句单独译成一句
Professor Smith, who is my tutor, has gradually adjusted to the life in China.
史密斯教授是我的导师，他已经逐渐适应了中国的生活。
①. 引导非限制性定语从句的关系词
引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有：关系代词which, who, whom, whose, as; 关系副词when, where等。
Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher annoyed. 汤姆上学总是迟到，这一点令他的老师很生气。
Our graduation ceremony will be held in July, when we’ll say goodbye to our teachers. 我们的毕业典礼将于7月份举行，到那时我们就要跟老师道别了。
②. as引导的非限制性定语从句
as引导的非限制性定语从句，常可看作固定结构:
as is known to all 众所周知
as is often the case 情况常常如此
as we all know 众所周知
as we expected 正如我们预料的那样
as has been pointed out 正如已经指出的那样
as said before 正如之前所说的那样
③. 使用非限制性定语从句时的注意事项
(1)that不能引导非限制性定语从句。在非限制性定语从句中，用who, whom指代人，用which指代物。
Mr Smith, who is my friend, resigned last year. 史密斯先生是我的朋友，他去年辞职了。
(2)当先行词是专有名词或被物主代词、指示代词修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性定语从句。
This is my videophone, which was bought yesterday.
这是我的可视电话，是昨天买的。
(3)非限制性定语从句可以补充说明整个主句。
He is shallow, which is known to us all in our company.
他很肤浅，我们公司的人都知道。
(4)非限制性定语从句表原因时，不用why引导,而用for which代替why。
We could not give the reason, for which so many people were in favour of the draft. 我们无法解释，为什么这么多人支持这项草案。
(5)先行词是独一无二的事物时，一般用非限制性定语从句修饰。
The sun, which rises in the east, gives us light and heat.
太阳从东方升起,给我们带来光和热。
④. 关系代词、人称代词、指示代词的选择
关键是判断句子结构：
非限制性定语从句→选关系代词
并列句→选人称代词或指示代词
He has three sons, none of whom is an architect. (定语从句)
他有三个儿子，没有一个是建筑师。
He has three sons, but none of them is an architect. (并列句)
他有三个儿子，但没有一个是建筑师。
He has three sons, who are architects. (定语从句)
他有三个儿子，他们是建筑师。
He has three sons. They are architects. (两个简单句)
He has three sons, and they are architects. (并列句)
本文如果对你有帮助，请点赞收藏《人教版高中英语选择性必修第一册知识点》，同时在此感谢原作者。
