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句子的种类
英语句子按使用目的可分为陈述句、祈使
句、感叹句和疑问句四种。
1.陈述句
陈述句说明一个事实或者陈述说话人的看
法,通常用降调,句末用句号。陈述句分为肯
定陈述句和否定陈述句。如:
She arrived quite early.
He is not fat.
2.疑问句
疑问句提出问题,句末用问号。疑问句通常
分为4种:一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择
疑问句和反意疑问句
(1)一般疑问句以be,have,情态动词或助动
词开始,通常要求以yes或no回答(有时也用
certainly,perhaps, not at all等回答)的句
子通常用升调:
Do you like this picture?
Yes, I do. / Certainly.
①谓语部分含有特殊定式动词(指be,表示
“拥有”的have、情态动词或助动词)时,
把第一个特殊定式动词提到主语前:
Are you a student?
Can you speak English?
Have they been living here for 20 years?
②如果是单个实义动词,一般现在时要在主
语前加助动词do或does,一般过去时要加
助动词did,而主语后的谓语动词须用动词
原形;其他时态,同①
Did She go to school yesterday ?
Does he do his homework every
evening ?
▲作“拥有”解的have, [ 英] 直接提到主
语前,[美]在主语前加do,does或did;作“
进行某一动作”的have,一律在主语前加
do,does或did。如:
Has he / Does he have a pen ?
Did they have a meeting yesterday ?
③ 有时为了表达一种特殊感情或观点,
可用否定形式的一般疑问句,要注意答语
Didn " t I / Do I not tell you to come
earlier ?
Yes, you did . 不,你告诉我了。
/ No , you didn " t. 是的,你没有告诉我。
Aren " t these pictires lovely ?
/ Are these pictures not lovely ?
(2)特殊疑问句
以疑问代词who, whom, whose, which,
what和疑问副词when, where,why,how
以及how引出的词组 how many, how
long等开头的句子;不能用yes或no来回答;
读降调。
语序:
①当疑问词或由其所修饰的词不作主语时,
用一般疑问句语序;
②当疑问词或由其所修饰的词作主语时用
陈述句语序:
When did you begin to learn English?
Who/ which student is the tallest in your
class ?
▲who,what, which 作主语时,通常按第
三人称单数对待。
▲ What is sb.?是问职业;而 Who is sb.?
是问姓名或者与某人的关系。
▲ What is/ was the date…?是问几日(号)
What day is/ was……?是问星期几。
▲ how many+可数名词复数,
how much+不可数名词;
how long问一段延续的时间有多长,回
答用“for+段时间”或“ since+点时间”, how soon问某事过多久将会发生,回
答用“in+段时间”
how often问某一动作重复发生的频率
回答用“ three times a day”等短语
how many times 问发生的次数,回
答用once, twice, three times 等。
(3)选择疑问句
提出两个(或多个)选项看哪一个正确的句
子,两部分(或多部分)由or连接,or前的部分
读升调,or后的部分读降调;or可连接两个
(或多个)表语、宾语、状语、谓语动词或
分句;不能用yes或no来回答;语序为一般
疑问句语序:
Are you a teacher or a student?
Shall I come to get you or shall we
meet at the station?
(4)反意疑问句
提出情况或看法,问对方是否同意的句子;
一般由两部分组成:
“肯定的陈述句,+否定的简略问句”;
或“否定的陈述句,+肯定的简略问句”;
陈述句部分的语调通常为降调,简略问句
的语调有两种:当说话者对陈述部分表示
怀疑时用升调,当说话者坚信陈述部分是
事实时用降调;用yes或no回答
You won"t be away for long, will you?
Beljing is a very beautiful city, isn"t it?
①如果陈述部分为否定时要注意英语回
答和汉语回答的区别
You are not going out today, are you?
No, I am not.是的,我今天不出去
或:Yes,I am.不,我今天要出去。
②陈述部分包含有no, never, hardly,
little含有否定意义的词时,简略问句用肯定
形式(但不包括带有否定意义的前后缀的词,
如 I dislike, unfair等):
The little boy can hardly speak, can he?
Li Ping dislikes maths, doesn"t he?
③陈述句的主语为名词或代词时,简略问
句的主语为相应的人称代词;陈述句的主
语为指示代词this/ that,不定词 nothing,
不定式、动名词或从句时,简略问句的主
语为it;陈述句主语为指示代词 these,
those,不定代词 nobody, everybody,
somebody等时,简略问句中用they;陈述
句为 there be句型时,简略问句中重复使用
there(而不是与主语对应的人称代词):
To see is to believe, isn"t it?
There will be a meeting tomorrow,
won"t there?
④陈述句部分是复合句时,简略问句的主
语与助动词等和主句一致:
She lived in Beijing when she was
young, didn"t she?
但是如果主句的谓语动词是 think,
suppose, believe,, imagine, expect,feel
等,且主语为第一人称或第二人称时,简略
问句仅有肯定或否定是与主句相对应,而
主语和时态等却要与宾语从句一致
I do not think( that) you are a student,
are you?
⑤陈述句和简略问句的情态动词或助动词
一般要保持一致,但也有特殊情况
used to(过去常常)―> used"t(或didn"t)
have (拥有)―>[英 ] haven"t [美] don " t
have(进行某一动作)――>don"t
have(构成完成时态)――> haven"t
have to(不得不) ―>don " t have to
ought to(应该) ―>oughtn"t
must(必须) ―>mustn " t
must(必要 ) ―>needn " t
must be(表示猜测) ―>be的现在时形式
must have done(对过去某一时间的事
情推测)―>didn " t
must have done(对发生在过去但对现在
造成影响的动作进行推测)―> haven"t
must not(表示禁止)―>may
⑥祈使句后也可加简略问句,不表示 反意,
而是表示语气:
否定祈使句+will you
肯定祈使句+won"tyou?(表示邀请)
肯定祈使句+ will you?(表示请求)
Let"s(包括对方)..+ shall we?(表示建议)
Let us(不包括对方)...+ will you?(表示请
求)
Let+第三人称…will you?
3.祈使句
祈使句表示请求、命令、叮嘱、号召等,
谓语动词用原形;祈使句一般都读降调;句
末用“!”或“. ”
Come in!
Be careful!
(1)普通祈使句的否定式以 do not(通常缩
写为don " t)或 never(语气较强)引起:
Don" t be careless!
Never do that again!
(2)Let的宾语是第一人称时,否定式为宾语
后加not;let的宾语是第三人称时,否定式常
为let前加don" t
Let" s not waste time.
Don" t let them make any noise.
(3)祈使句的主语you通常不表示出来,但是
如果要特别强调对方或表达某种情绪时可
以有主语或加呼语
You be quiet!
Don" t you be late again.
Come in, everybody!
(4)“Do(或 Always)+祈使句”表示一种
强烈的感情或请求等:
Come on time!
Do sit down.
(5) please是“请”的意思,可在句首也可
在句末(句末时常用逗号隔开),有时也可在
句中:
Please read the text.
/ Read the text, please.
4. 感叹句表示喜怒哀乐等情绪,句末用感
叹号“! ”;读降调;多用what或how引起:
what用来修饰一个名词;how修饰一个形
容词、副词或动词:
What good news it is!
What a beautiful park it is!
/ How beautiful a park it is!
How beautiful the park is!
How well she dances!
How he loved his motherland !
▲口语中,wha或how引导的感叹句可省
略主语和谓语:
What an interesting book!
How interesting!
▲有时陈述句、疑问句(句中常有so或
such)以及祈使句也可转化为感叹句:
He" s such a nice boy!
How can you be so silly!
Don" go with us!
Fancy meeting you here!
▲有时不定式短语、单词或词组也可成
为感叹句:
To sell such a suit as that to a
millionaire!
把这样一套衣服卖给一个百万富翁!
The design and the colours!
多美丽的图案和色彩
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