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如果你正在撰写你的第一篇SCI论文,请一定不要错过这个系列。
以下是学术论文里的标点符号用法汇总系列的开篇:
01标点符号很重要
对于英语写作来说,一个众所周知的棘手问题是拼写,但其实标点符号也很重要!当我们说话时,我们可以暂停或改变语调来表示强调。当我们写作时,我们可以用标点符号来突出重要的内容。
使用正确和适当的标点符号会使读者更容易理解作者表达的内容,这是标点符号的主要功能,也是我们应该学会正确使用标点符号的主要原因。不遵守规则或使用不恰当的标点符号会影响读者的阅读感受,从而忽略或者误解了论文的实际内容。
很多作者在标点符号的使用上并不是很了解,只会用最基本的逗号和句号。其实,使用好标点符号至关重要,直接作用就是让你的论文增色不少!
本期笔者将介绍一下学术论文里冒号的用法,后续会介绍其它标点符号,敬请关注!
02冒号
冒号通常用在独立子句(一个完整的句子)的结尾,用来强调冒号后面的单词或者短语。冒号被描述为强停顿,主要用来表示后面的内容是前面提到的内容的说明或例子。
冒号可以制造悬念:它的后面可以是一个例子,一个引用,或者一个解释。冒号不能在are、include和such as后面。
03冒号的具体用法
接下来,笔者给大家总结了以下几个冒号的用法(这里主要是通过例句的方式给大家演示如何使用冒号,并给出了笔者的个人经验,仅供参考)。
3.1 引入一个列表
This essay investigates three aspects of global warming: historical events, environmental influences, and human influences.
如上所述,我们不能在后面加上冒号,例如are,所以下面的句子是不建议的用法:
This essay investigates three aspects of global warming, which are: historical events, environmental influences, and human influences.
Julie went to the store for some groceries: milk, bread, coffee, and cheese.
(这个引用用法可以用在学术论文中阐述一系列事物。)
3.2解释(或说明)前面的陈述
The Environmental Management and Policy degree course is highly regarded: academic standards are high, the lecturers cater for on and off campus studies and opens future employment avenues in a variety of fields.
(这个引用用法可以用在学术论文中解释某一个论点。)
3.3突出一个单词
The visiting professor can be summed up in one word: educational.
I know the perfect job for her: a politician.
3.4引出引用语句
In view of academic writing being an interactive feat, Hyland (2002, p.1) states the following: "A writer"s development of an appropriate relationship with his or her readers is widely seen as central to effective academic persuasion as writers seek to balance claims for the significant, originality, and correctness of their work against the convictions and expectations of their readers."
In his Gettysburg Address, Abraham Lincoln urges Americans to rededicate themselves to the unfinished work of the deceased soldiers: "It is for us the living rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us — that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion — that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth."
(这个引用用法可以用在学术论文中引用别人的观点。)
3.5引入强调内容
This is the bottom line: I refuse to lecture every day.
(这个引用用法可以用在学术论文中强调自己的观点。)
3.6连接标题和副标题
On the Relative Order of Adverbs in the I-domain: A Study of English and Swedish
(这个引用用法可以用在学术论文中的题目设计。)
3.7强调第二个子句
Road construction in Dallas has hindered travel around town: parts of Main, Fifth, and West Street are closed during the construction.
(这个引用用法可以用在学术论文中的题目设计。)
3.8冒号分隔小时和分钟
12:00 p.m.
3.9关于冒号的一般建议
冒号不能用在连接动词,介词或诸如such as, like, and for example等短语后,因为句子不需要冒号就可以继续,这一点和中文语法不太一样。例如,我们用第2句代替第1句:
(1) The chores on my list are: shopping, washing, ironing, gardening and making dinner.(2) The following chores are on my list: shopping, washing, ironing, gardening and making dinner.
英文写作要在冒号后面留一个空格,大家应该习惯标点符号和单词后面留空格。
冒号的用法并不复杂,关键是我们怎么用冒号给我们的论文增色。笔者曾经把冒号用在了学术论文的标题里,冒号分割两个子句,强调第二个子句。这种类似的例子很多,我们可以在别人的论文中看到各种冒号的使用。
你有没有发现,当你读他人论文的时候,你会特别关注冒号后面的句子,看到冒号就知道后面的大致内容。一个标点符号就是这么强大,希望各位读者能够在学术论文写作中重视标点符号的使用,不仅不能用错,还要想想怎么用更好。
总 结
分号是中文标点符号之一,相信大家都知道分号的基本用法,即使你不知道分号的具体用法,也不影响你的阅读和理解。英文的分号用法和中文里的分号不太一样,即使一些专业的英语作家也不知道如何使用好分号。因此,在使用标点符号时非英语母语的学生感觉特别困难不足为奇。虽然英文的分号不是最容易掌握的标点符号,但依然有一些规则和技巧可以帮助各位论文作者用好英文学术论文里的分号。
01关于分号
首先,笔者带领大家先来了解一下分号到底是什么,以及为什么要使用分号。
在本质上,分号是用来连接两个具有一定联系的独立句子的符号。通常情况下,分号是添加在两个句子之间,而不是单词和短语之间。
分号表示的停顿时间比逗号长,但它不像句号需要放在句子的结尾。
02分号的使用规则
规则1: 只有在两个句子可以通过相似的内容或结构连接在一起时,才可以用分号代替句号。
规则2: 可以在诸如“however”、“therefore”等连接副词前使用标点符号。
规则3: 列表中使用分号,可以代替逗号用于分开单词或者词组。
规则4: 分号可以用来分隔两个独立的子句,而不是用于诸如and, but, or等连词连接的子句。
03理解分号
不像冒号,分号主要分隔独立的子句,以及分隔长句的主要成分。当句子的主要成分没有连词连接时,就要使用分号。注意:这些句子成分必须是独立的子句,并且应该能够独立地传达意思。
请看下面的例子:Two-third of the Senate approved the finance bill. Others were against it.在类似上述的句子中,作者经常犯使用逗号的错误。但是,在这个句子中插入逗号会导致“逗号拼接”错误。如果两个句子之间是连词,那么可以使用一个逗号连接这个句子。Two-third of the Senate approved the finance bill, but others were against it. 此外,当使用过渡短语或副词将两个独立的句子连接在一起时,也需要使用分号。I worked as an intern with the accounting firm across the street; however, I never truly learned much from the firm.The President rarely attends policing matters; on the other hand, the sheriff is the right office for enforcing the law in some states.
当然,分号最常见的用法是用来分隔系列中的项。注意:分号只在项目包含内部标点符号时输入。其他情况主要是逗号。
04分号的具体案例
分号在强度上介于逗号和句号之间。一般来说,它更接近句号而不是逗号。分号主要在以下三种情况下使用:
连接两个独立的句子
我们可以用分号来分隔两个主题或内容密切相关的句子:
(1) Come to my office tomorrow; I will have the document prepared.
(2) Few newly enrolled students know exactly what career path their studies will eventually offer; most find their area of interest during their studies.
在这种情况下第二句不以大写字母开头,除非它是一个总是以大写字母开头的单词。
连接由连接副词引导的分句
我们可以在连接词前用分号。
可以使用分号的连接词包括:
also, anyway, besides, consequently, furthermore, hence, however, incidentally, indeed, moreover, nevertheless, next, nonetheless, otherwise, similarly, still, then, therefore, and thus
具体例子如下:
(3) The deadline for the assignment is due tomorrow; therefore, additional study time has been scheduled.
(4) Exams are a means of measuring ability; however, not everyone performs well in them.
我们也可以在连接短语前使用分号。
下面的短语就有这样的连接功能:
after all, as a matter of fact, as a result, at the same time, even so, for example, for instance, in addition, in conclusion, in fact, in other words, in the first place, of course, on the contrary, and on the other hand.
具体例子如下:
(5) Exams are a means of measuring ability; as a result, not everyone performs well in them.
(6) Critical thinking is essential at university; at the same time, it is difficult to teach.
连接由逗号分隔的成分
如果没有分号,这些被逗号隔开的成分相互之间的关系就会很模糊,容易引起费解或误解。如:
(7) There are many faculties at a university: Arts; Behavioural, Cognitive and Social Sciences; Humanities; Environmental and Rural Science; Science and Technology; Business, Economics and Public Policy; Law; Education; and Rural Medicine and Health.
有些参考文献系统,如Harvard,在引用多个条目时使用分号分隔文本内引用。
(8) (Jones 2007; Johansson & Olofsson 1998; Strongman et al. 2003)
(9)On our vacation, we visited London, England; Paris, France; Berlin, Germany; and Rome, Italy.
上句话中的几个地点因为也被逗号隔开,表明大小地方的从属关系,所以如果没有分号隔开,地点之间的关系也会较为模糊。
05总结
判断两个分句是否应该用冒号或分号可能会造成混淆,有时还会导致书写错误。学习和掌握使用冒号和分号,有助于你的英文学术论文写作,让读者更好地理解你的论文。
本文如果对你有帮助,请点赞收藏《学术论文里标点符号用法汇总1/2:冒号和分号》,同时在此感谢原作者。