英语词类 句子成分及句子结构详解及练习

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英语词类、句子成分及句子结构

I.词类

名词 ：专有名词

普通名词：集体名词 people police cattle； family, class,staff, team...

个体名词 可数名词、不可数名词(物质名词、抽象名词)

动词：实意动词(及物、不及物)、系动词、助动词、情态动词

形容词: 修饰名词或代词

副词：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子

数词：基数词，序数词

代词：人称代词，物主代词，指示代词，反身代词，不定代词，疑问代词，关系代词，连接代词

介词：后接名词、代词或动名词，构成介宾短语

冠词：放在名词前

连(接)词：并列连词、从属连词

感叹词

II.句子成分

主语：名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、 从句

谓语：动词( ____________可单独作谓语；系动词加__________一起构成谓语；情态

动词加__________构成谓语；助动词加_____________的各种形式一起构成谓语)

宾语: 同主语

表语：形容词、从句

注意：be动词后的表语可由形容词、名词、介词短语(及非谓语动词）充当。

定语: 形容词、名词、介词短语、非谓语、从句

状语：副词、介词短语、从句

补语：名词、形容词、介词短语、副词、动词不定式、分词

同位语

一、主语

找出下列各句的主语，并指出何种词类或结构做主语

1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. ( )

2.We often speak English in class. ( )

3.One third of the students in our class are girls. ( )

4.To become a teacher is always my dream. ( )

5.Smoking does harm to health. ( )

6.The rich should help the poor. (名词化的__________)

7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. ( )

8.It is necessary to master a foreign language. (it作形式主语，真正的主语为______________)

【总结】主语可由名词、_________、___________、___________、____________、___________和____________充当。

二、谓语

谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征或状态。动词在句中作谓语，放在主语之后。

1.简单谓语：由一个动词（一定必须是__________动词）或动词短语构成。如：

He practises running every morning.

He looks after his younger brother well.

2.复合谓语：（1）由情态动词加动词原形或助动词加实意动词的各种形式构成。如：

You may keep the book for two weeks.

He has caught a bad cold.

(2)由系动词加表语构成。如：He looked unhappy.

指出下列谓语或其中心词

1.I don’t like the picture on the wall.

2.The days get longer and longer.

3.There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.

4.Did the twins have breakfast at home this morning?

5.We had better send for a doctor.

6.He is interested in music.

7.He must have told you the truth.

三、表语 :位于系动词之后，说明主语的身份、特征和状态。

be+ ______________________________________________________________________

感官系动词: _______________________________________________________________

表变化、成为: ____________________________________________________________

表维持某种状态: ___________________________________________________________

其他: stand still, come true; fall asleep/sick

找出下列各句的表语并指出分别由什么词类或结构充当。

1.Our English teacher is a woman. ( )

2.Is this bike yours? ( )

3.The weather has turned hot. ( )

4.The speech is really exciting. ( )

5.Three times seven is twenty one. ( )

6.His job is to teach English. ( )

7.His hobby is playing basketball. ( )

8.That machine must be out of order. ( )

9.Time is up. Class is over. ( )

四、宾语

宾语是动作的对象或承受着，位于及物动词或介词之后。

找出下列各句的宾语并指出分别由什么词类或结构充当。

1.They went to see an exhibition yesterday. ( )

2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. ( )

3.He pretended not to see me. ( )

4.I enjoy listening to pop music. ( )

5.I think he is fit for his job.

五、宾语补足语

英语中有些动词，除了接宾语外，还需要一个补语，才能使句子的意义完整。

找出下列各句的宾语补足语并指出分别由什么词类或结构充当。

1.His father named him Robert. ( )

2.They painted their boat white. ( )

3.Let the fresh air in. ( )

4.You mustn’t force him to do what he doesn’t want to. ( )

5.We saw her walking on that street. ( )

6.We found everything in the lab in good order. ( )

【总结】宾补可由________、_________、__________、___________、__________、__________和_______________充当。

六、定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句。

找出下列各句的定语并指出分别由什么词类或结构充当。

1.Guilin is a beautiful city. ( )

2.There are 100 women teachers in our school. ( )

3.His rapid progress in English made us surprised. ( )

4.He may be in one of the rooms upstairs. ( )

5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom. ( )

6.He is reading an article about how to learn English. ( )

7.The man speaking to us now is our head teacher. ( )

8.I don’t know the boy who greeted us just now. ( )

【总结】定语可由_________、_______、_________、____________、____________、___________和__________________充当。

七、状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分。

找出下列各句的状语并指出分别由什么词类或结构充当。

1.light travels most quickly. ( )

2.He has lived in this city for many years. ( )

3.He always does his homework carefully. ( )

4.Luckily, he finally found the way home. ( )

5.He is proud to have passed the college entrance examination. ( )

6.He stayed in the room a whole day making a model plane. ( )

7.Once you begin, you must continue.

III.简单句的五种基本句型

一： Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）

二：Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）

三：Ｓ LＶ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）

四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）

五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）

1.S(主） + vi（不及物动词）（谓）

1)外面雨下得很大。______ _______________ hard outside.

2)在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。

_________________ ______________________ in our hometown in the past ten years.

3)那天早上我们谈了很多。 _______ ___________ a lot that morning.

2.S (主)+ vt（谓）+ O（宾）

1)我们深深地热爱我们的祖国。 ______ _______ ___________________ deeply.

2)早睡早起对我们的健康大有好处。(benefit)

____________________________________________ ___________ __________________ greatly.

3)我想要休息一下。 _____ __________ ___________________________.

4)你昨天做的事令他大为生气。(annoy)

_______________________ yesterday ___________ ________ a lot.

5) 这本书他读过多次了。______ ______________ ____________ many times.

3.S (主）+ lv ( 系动词）+ P（表）

1)我的单车刚才在树下的。_______________ ________ ______________________ just now.

2)他看上去很不高兴。 ________ __________ ______________.

3)现在天气变得越来越热了。Now _______ _________________ ___________________.

4)我们面临的问题是我们如何才能得到这么多钱。

________________ that we face ______ _________ we can get so much money.

4.S (主）+ VT（谓）+ In O（间宾）+ D O（直宾）

1)刘老师教我们英语三年了。Miss Liu ______________ ______ ___________ for 3 years.

2)北京来的一位专家正在给学生们做讲座。

_______________ form Beijing _____________ _______________ ___________________.

5. S (主）+ VT（谓）+ O（宾） + O C（宾补）

1)他考试再次失败使得父母非常失望。

_______________ in the exam again _________ _____________ ____________________.

2)老师要我们明天交作业。

________________ _________ ______ _____________________________________ tomorrow.

3)学校把在校穿校服作为一项规则。

_______________ ________ ______ _______________ to wear school uniform at school.

4)醒来的时候，他发现自己躺在医院里。

________ ___________ _________ __________ in hospital when he woke up.

5)他的钱包在公交车上被偷了。_______ _______ ___________ ___________ on the bus.

IV. Practice

一、划分下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种

1.The man disappeared in the street. （ ）

2.She wanted some help. （ ）

3.I slept well last night. （ ）

4. He wanted you to go with him. （ ）

5. I bought a computer in the street yesterday. （ ）

6. Luckily the 1989 earthquake did not happen in the center of town.

7.Mary handed her homework to the teacher. （ ）

8.I’ll get my hair cut tomorrow. （ ）

9. They are workers from China. （ ）

10.To learn a foreign language calls for patience. ( )

11. He pushed the door open. （ ）

12. He did not know what to say. ( )

13. The shop stays open till 8 o’clock. ( )

14. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. ( )

15. I saw them getting on the bus. （ ）

16. He felt it very difficult to talk with you.

17. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.

18. His wish is to become a scientist. ( )

19. Both of them work in the school library. ( )

20. He remembered telling you. ( )

二·判断下列简单句的句型。

1. They were kind. 2. She is in the room.

3. The books are on the desk. 4. The man disappeared in the street.

5 .Snow is white. 6. She wanted some help.

7. I slept well last night. 8. He wanted you to go with him.

9. I bought a computer in the street yesterday. 10. She asks me to help her .

11. My parents leave me some money . 12. Lucy leads me a pencil .

13. He arrived yesterday. 14. The boy is crying loudly.

15. She died in 2000. 16. I like music.

17. I built a house last year. 18. The boy was foolish .

19 I watch the boy playing foot ball. 20 Lu Yang told the little boy to go home.

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