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时态
概述:英语中的时态一共有16个(如下表)。每种时态都必须通过动词的形式变化来体现,因此掌握好动词的变化规律是学好时态的关键。对于时态来说我们主要学习的是两点:每种时态所对应的主被动语态动词的形式及时态的用法。
一.一般现在时:
主语(三单)→ V+S
主语(其他)→ V原
1. 表示现阶段经常性,习惯性的动作或状态,常与频率副词连用
I often go to work by bus.
He seldom eats meat.
2. 表示客观事实或普遍真理
The earth moves around the sun.
To err is human.
3. 代替一般将来时,表示按时间表将要发生的动作或事件,或表示事先安排好的动作,在英语里一般只有be动词和动态动词可以这样使用。
The meeting begins at 2:00 in the afternoon and ends at 5:00.
There is a film tonight.
4. 在条件状语从句和时间状语从句中代替一般将来时(主将从现)
I will tell him the news as soon as he comes.
If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.
二.一般过去时:
主语(所有人称)→ V 过去式
1. 表示过去某时间里发生的动作或存在的状态(现在已经不是这样了)
I bought a Cityfy last week.
used to do sth: 过去常常----;曾经----
He used to be a fisher.
He used to smoke.
2. 表示过去发生的一系列连续发生的动作,这些动词要求都必须用一般过去时
On Saturday afternoon, Mrs Green went to the market, bought some bananas and visited her cousin.
三.一般将来时:
主语(第一人称)→ shall +V原
主语 (所有人称) → will +V原
表示将来要发生的动作
He will graduate from Harvard University next year.
I will try my best.
可以表示将来时的其他结构
am/is/aregoing to do sth (打算做---;通过某种迹象表明要发生的动作)
I am going to buy a new house in Beijing.
It’s going to rain.
be about to do sth (马上要做----)不能与表示将来的时间状语连用
Don’t go out. We are about to have dinner.
be to do sth(安排好要做----)
We are to study the next lesson tomorrow.
四. 过去将来时:
would/should + V原
表示从过去看将要发生的动作(经常用于间接引语当中)
She told me she would get married next year.
可以表示过去将来时的其他结构
was/weregoing to do sth
was/were about to do sth
was/were to do sth
五. 现在进行时:
am/is/are + doing
1. 此时此刻正在进行的动作
Look! He is talking with a beauty.
2.代替一般将来时,表示主观的打算,一般只有动态动词可以这样使用。在没有上下文的情况下必须要和明确的表示将来的时间状语连用,以免发生歧义。
I’m meeting Tom at the station at four tomorrow afternoon.
Mary is flying to Tokyo next week.
六. 过去进行时:
was/ were +doing
过去某时间点或时间段正在进行的动作
He was having dinner with that beauty at six o’clock yesterday evening.
七. 将来进行时:
will/shall+ be+ V现在分词
将来某时间点或时间段正在发生的动作
What will you be doing this time tomorrow?
八. 现在完成时:
have/ has + V过去分词
1. 表示发生在过去的某个动作一直延续到现在,动作是否继续下去要看上下文。
I have lived in the old house for 20 years.
2. 表示过去发生的某个动作对现在造成的影响,叙述过去的动作,而强调现在的结果。
Mary has lost her wallet. (She has no money now.)
九.过去完成时:
had + V过去分词
表示过去的过去,使用时必须要有明确的表示过去的时间参考点
I had lived in the old house for 20 years by 2007.
十.将来完成时:
will / shall + have +V过去分词
表示将来某一时间结束的动作或持续到将来某一时间的动作
I will have lived in the old house for 40 years by the year of 2012.
十一.现在完成进行时:
have/has +been +V现在分词
表示发生在过去的某个动作一直持续到现在,强调动作在此期间的连续性(未间断过)
It has been raining for 4 days.
补充说明:
1. have/ has gone to some place (---去某地了)
have/has been to some place(---去过某地)
I have been to Tokyo.
He has gone to Tokyo.
2. 非持续性动词不能与 for + 时间段连用
He has died for 3 years. (错)
He has been dead for 3 years.
He died 3 years ago.
3. 以下that 引导的从句中必须用现在完成时
A: It is the first(second,third---) time that -------(这是---第几次---做----)
This is the second time that I have seen the French girl.
B: It is the + 形容词最高级+ 名词 that------(这是---见过/看过的最--- 的-----)
This is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.
注意:做时态题的时候一定要看好给出的时间状语,如果没有时间状语仔细分析前后文动作发生的前后顺序。
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